Structuring knowledge with cognitive maps and cognitive graphs
Open accessAbstract
Humans and animals use mental representations of the spatial structure of the world to navigate. The classical view is that these representations take the form of Euclidean cognitive maps, but alternative theories suggest that they are cognitive graphs consisting of locations connected by paths. We review evidence suggesting that both map-like and graph-like representations exist in the mind/brain that rely on partially overlapping neural systems. Maps and graphs can operate simultaneously or separately, and they may be applied to both spatial and nonspatial knowledge. By providing structural frameworks for complex information, cognitive maps and cognitive graphs may provide fundamental organizing schemata that allow us to navigate in physical, social, and conceptual spaces.
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When content is exposed interconnecting the verbal and the visual, it facilitates the construction of connections, relationships, and understanding in the cognitive structure.
“Based on learning theories, when content is exposed interconnecting the verbal and the visual, it facilitates the construction of connections, relationships, and understanding in the cognitive structure (Peer et al., 2021).”
From Defining spirituality in healthcare: a systematic review and conceptual framework. (2021) · cites this paper as Peer et al., 2021
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [14]Lynch K (1960) The Image of the City, MIT Press.
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Defining spirituality in healthcare: a systematic review and conceptual framework.
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The human brain uses spatial schemas to represent segmented environments
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Cognitive Maps for a Non-Euclidean Environment: Path Integration and Spatial Memory on a Sphere
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A neuro‐behavioural model of neophobia
Dorfman, A., Subach, A., & Scharf, I. (2026) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1002/brv.70151
- Authors
- Peer, M., Brunec, I. K., Newcombe, N. S., & Epstein, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Russell A.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-54
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7746605
- OpenAlex
- W3110486140
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cognitive Science and Mapping
- Keywords
- cognitive maps, cognitive graphs, spatial representation, mental navigation, knowledge organization, conceptual space, spatial cognition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cognition, Humans, Space Perception, Knowledge, Spatial Navigation
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