Longitudinal changes in behavioral approach system sensitivity and brain structures involved in reward processing during adolescence
Open accessAbstract
Figure 2 was distorted in production. The correct version is presented in the erratum.] Adolescence is a period of radical normative changes and increased risk for substance use, mood disorders, and physical injury. Researchers have proposed that increases in reward sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity of the behavioral approach system [BAS]) and/or increases in reactivity to all emotional stimuli (i.e., reward and threat sensitivities) lead to these phenomena. The present study is the first longitudinal investigation of changes in reward (i.e., BAS) sensitivity in 9- to 23-year-olds across a 2-year follow-up. Support was found for increased reward sensitivity from early to late adolescence, and evidence was found for decline in the early 20s. This decline is combined with a decrease in left nucleus accumbens (Nacc) volume, a key structure for reward processing, from the late teens into the early 20s. Furthermore, we found longitudinal increases in sensitivity to reward to be predicted by individual differences in the Nacc and medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) volumes at baseline in this developmental sample. Similarly, increases in sensitivity to threat (i.e., behavioral inhibition system sensitivity) were qualified by sex, with only females participants experiencing this increase, and predicted by individual differences in lateral OFC volumes at baseline.
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- Findingown data
Longitudinal increases in Nacc volumes predicted longitudinal increases in BAS Drive scores.
“longitudinal increases in Nacc volumes from Time 1 to Time 2 significantly predicted longitudinal increases in BAS Drive scores from Time 1 to Time 2, change R2 = .03, p = .039”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Left Nacc volume decreased from Time 1 to Time 2 across the whole sample.
“there was a significant main effect of time on the left Nacc with volumes decreasing for the whole sample from Time 1 to Time 2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BAS Reward Responsiveness scores increased from Time 1 to Time 2 across the whole sample.
“there was a significant increase in BAS Reward Responsiveness scores from Time 1 to Time 2 for the whole sample”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The decrease in left Nacc volume is approximately 8% from late adolescents' Time 1 mean to young adults' Time 2 mean.
“This decrease is approximately 8% of the left Nacc volume when calculated from the late adolescents' Time 1 mean to the young adults' Time 2 mean”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Left medial OFC volume at Time 1 had a unique effect on BAS Total change, controlling for right medial OFC and Step 1 predictors.
“The left medial OFC volume at Time 1 had a significant unique effect controlling for all Step 1 predictors including right medial OFC volume, partial r = .21, p = .012.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Females had higher BAS Reward Responsiveness scores than males.
“a main effect of sex on BAS Reward Responsiveness, with females exhibiting higher scores than males”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Age was inversely associated with left lateral OFC and right Nacc volumes averaged across the two assessments.
“with significant inverse partial correlation (i.e., controlling for sex and scanner upgrade status) between age and left lateral OFC, r = −.17, p = .042, and right Nacc, r = −.18, p = .03, volumes averaged across two time points”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Baseline medial OFC volumes (left and right combined) predicted longitudinal increases in BAS Total, controlling for age, sex, scanner upgrade, and Time 1 BAS Total.
“medial OFC volumes at baseline (i.e., left and right hemispheres at Time 1 combined) significantly predicted the longitudinal increases in BAS Total, change R2 = .03, p = .041, controlling for all Step 1 predictors”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BAS Reward Responsiveness decreased over the two-year follow-up in young adults (from ages 18-23 to 20-25).
“BAS Reward Responsiveness significantly changed over the two-year follow-up interval only for the young adults, F (1, 52) = 6.35, p = .015, ηp2 = .11. Scores were lower at Time 2 (ages 20–25) versus Time 1 (ages 18–23)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Females had greater right Nacc and right amygdala volumes than males.
“significant effects of sex on the right Nacc and the right amygdala, with females exhibiting greater volumes than males in both brain regions”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Age was positively associated with BAS Total and BAS Drive scores averaged across the two assessments.
“positive relationship between age and BAS Total, r = .27, p = .001, and BAS Drive, r = .36, p <.001, scores averaged across two time points”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Right Nacc volumes were greater in early adolescents than in young adults.
“repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferoni post-hoc comparisons for the right Nacc yielded greater volumes for early adolescents compared to young adults (p = .023)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant relationship between longitudinal change in Nacc volumes and longitudinal change in BAS Reward Responsiveness was found.
“There was no significant relationship between longitudinal change in Nacc volumes and longitudinal change in BAS Reward Responsiveness from Time 1 to Time 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant effects of Nacc, lateral OFC, medial OFC, or amygdala volumes on BAS Fun Seeking change were found.
“There were no significant effects of Nacc, lateral OFC, medial OFC, and amygdala volumes on the BAS Fun Seeking score changes from Time 1 to Time 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant effects of amygdala, lateral OFC, or Nacc volumes on longitudinal change in BAS Total were found.
“There were no significant effects of amygdala, lateral OFC, or Nacc volumes on the longitudinal change in BAS Total.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Baseline Nacc volumes predicted longitudinal increases in BAS Reward Responsiveness.
“Nacc volumes at baseline significantly predicted the longitudinal increase in BAS Reward Responsiveness, change R2 = .04, p = .032”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Females aged 9 to 23 exhibited higher threat reactivity (BIS) than males.
“Specifically, we found females (ages 9 to 23) to exhibit higher reactivity to threat and reward (i.e., BIS and BAS Reward Responsiveness scales) compared to their male peers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Females exhibited greater amygdala volumes, corrected for total brain volume, than males.
“Females also exhibited greater volumes of the right Nacc and amygdala (corrected for the total brain volume), key structures implicated in reward and threat information processing, compared to males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant interaction effects of age with baseline Nacc and medial OFC volumes on reward sensitivity.
“Importantly, in additional analyses not reported here, there were no significant interaction effects of age and baseline Nacc and medial OFC volumes on reward sensitivity, suggesting that these effects of individual differences in baseline reward-relevant brain volumes hold across the full age range of the sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals with greater baseline lateral OFC volumes exhibited longitudinal increases in sensitivity to threat.
“Moreover, in the present study, individuals with greater baseline Nacc and medial OFC volumes exhibited more marked longitudinal increases in reward sensitivity, whereas females and individuals with greater baseline lateral OFC volumes exhibited longitudinal increases in sensitivity to threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Females aged 9 to 23 exhibited higher reward reactivity (BAS Reward Responsiveness) than males.
“Specifically, we found females (ages 9 to 23) to exhibit higher reactivity to threat and reward (i.e., BIS and BAS Reward Responsiveness scales) compared to their male peers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Early adolescent, late adolescent, and young adult males did not differ in threat sensitivity.
“In contrast, early adolescent, late adolescent, and young adult males did not differ in their sensitivities to threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals with larger baseline Nacc volumes showed greater increases in BAS Reward Responsiveness over the two-year follow-up.
“Individuals with greater Nacc volumes at baseline experienced more drastic increases in BAS Reward Responsiveness, whereas individuals with greater medial OFC volumes at baseline experienced more drastic increases in the BAS Total, over the two-year follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Longitudinal analyses revealed important individual differences in developmental changes in reward sensitivity during adolescence.
“In the present longitudinal analyses, there are important individual differences qualifying developmental changes in reward sensitivity during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The study largely did not find greater BAS sensitivity in males compared to females.
“However, unlike some prior studies, we largely did not find greater BAS sensitivity in males compared to females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals with greater longitudinal increases in Nacc volumes had greater concurrent increases in BAS Drive.
“Similarly, individuals with greater longitudinal increases in Nacc volumes had greater concurrent increases in BAS Drive, i.e., in persistence of reward pursuit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant effects of individual differences in non-reward-specific volumes of the lateral OFC and amygdala on reward sensitivity changes.
“There were also no significant effects of the individual differences in non-reward specific volumes of the lateral OFC and amygdala on reward sensitivity changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Individuals with larger baseline medial OFC volumes showed greater increases in BAS Total over the two-year follow-up.
“Individuals with greater Nacc volumes at baseline experienced more drastic increases in BAS Reward Responsiveness, whereas individuals with greater medial OFC volumes at baseline experienced more drastic increases in the BAS Total, over the two-year follow-up.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Females exhibited greater right Nacc volumes, corrected for total brain volume, than males.
“Females also exhibited greater volumes of the right Nacc and amygdala (corrected for the total brain volume), key structures implicated in reward and threat information processing, compared to males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Different aspects of reward sensitivity follow different developmental trajectories during adolescence.
“One interpretation of the present longitudinal and cross-sectional age effects is that different aspects of reward sensitivity show different developmental trajectories during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The cross-sectional age pattern suggests that developmental increases in reward sensitivity occur specifically during the transition from early adolescence (ages 9-12) to late adolescence (ages 13-17).
“This pattern of results suggests a fine-tuned point in time for developmental increases in reward sensitivity, i.e., during the transition from early adolescence (ages 9–12) into late adolescence (ages 13–17).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Increased BAS sensitivity has been linked to risky behaviors and clinical symptoms during adolescence.
“in cross-sectional studies, increased BAS sensitivity has been linked to a number of risky behaviors and clinical symptoms during adolescence”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Knyazev et al., 2004
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- cites Loxton & Dawe, 2001
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- cites O'Connor et al., 2009
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- Interpretationown data
Developmental changes in BAS Reward Responsiveness are coupled with structural changes in the Nacc.
“These developmental changes in affective responses to rewards appear to be coupled with structural changes in a brain region that is important for the evaluation of salient incentive stimuli, i.e., Nacc.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The left Nacc decrease from late teens to early twenties reflects developmental change rather than cohort effects.
- Premisecitation
The amygdala is a key structure for decoding affective features of both pleasurable and aversive stimuli.
“the amygdala is a key structure for decoding the affective features of both pleasurable and aversive stimuli (e.g., Davis & Whalen, 2001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Davis & Whalen, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Left Nacc volume decreases from late adolescence into young adulthood (between the late teens and early twenties).
“MRI analyses suggest a decrease in left Nacc volumes, which occurs from late adolescence into young adulthood (i.e., between the late teens and the early twenties).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The left Nacc decrease from late teens to early twenties reflects developmental change rather than cohort effects.
- Premisecitation
The BIS/BAS scales have substantial empirical support for construct validity.
“which have substantial empirical support for their construct validity”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carver & White, 1994
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The present study supports and strengthens prior studies of reward sensitivity during adolescence.
“Overall, the present study supports and bolsters prior studies of reward sensitivity during adolescence (e.g., Ernst et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ernst et al., 2006
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- Premisecitation
The Nacc and OFC are key nodes in the brain's reward system.
“The Nacc and OFC are key nodes in the brain's reward system (i.e., BAS) and located in frontal and striatal regions that continue to develop during adolescence (Giedd et al., 1999; Sowell et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Giedd et al., 1999
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- cites Sowell et al., 1999
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- Premisecitation
Striatal activity in response to unexpected reward feedback and rewarding stimuli peaks in adolescence.
“striatal activity in response to unexpected reward feedback (i.e., positive prediction errors; Cohen et al., 2010) and in response to rewarding stimuli (Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011) peaks in adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cohen et al., 2010
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- cites Somerville, Hare, & Casey, 2011
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- Study design and conductown data
Internal consistencies of the BIS/BAS scales were acceptable in this sample.
“Internal consistencies of the BIS/BAS scales were acceptable and ranged from a Cronbach's alpha of .66 for BIS, .73 for BAS Drive, .59 for BAS Reward Responsiveness, and .61 for BAS Fun Seeking at Time 1 and from .76 for BIS, .76 for BAS Drive, .53 for BAS Reward Responsiveness, and .61 for BAS Fun Seeking at Time 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The present findings support a developmental peak in reward sensitivity during adolescence.
“Overall, the present findings support developmental peak in reward sensitivity during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional age differences in BAS Total and BAS Drive reflect developmental change rather than age-cohort effects.
- Interpretationown data
BAS Reward Responsiveness appears to peak in mid- to late adolescence and decline into young adulthood (mid-twenties).
“specific aspects of reward sensitivity, i.e., positive affective responses to rewards as assessed by BAS Reward Responsiveness (Carver & White, 1994), appear to peak in mid- to late adolescence and decline into young adulthood (i.e., into the mid-twenties).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional age differences in BAS Total and BAS Drive reflect developmental change rather than age-cohort effects.
- Interpretationown data
Positive affective responses to rewards appear to peak in late adolescence and then decline in early adulthood.
“However, based on longitudinal analyses, positive affective responses to rewards seem to peak in late adolescence with a subsequent decline in early adulthood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Persistence in reward pursuit remains stable and elevated from late adolescence into young adulthood compared with early adolescence.
“Thus, aspects of reward sensitivity, such as persistence in pursuit of rewards, remain stable and elevated from late adolescence into young adulthood (in comparison to early adolescence).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The study enrolled only healthy individuals without psychopathology at baseline.
“The study enrolled only healthy individuals who were without psychopathology at baseline.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The pattern of positive affective responses was bolstered by developmental findings of brain volume decrease from late adolescence into young adulthood in the Nacc.
“This latter pattern of results was further bolstered by developmental findings of brain volume decrease from late adolescence into young adulthood in the structures relevant for reward, i.e., Nacc.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Sex differences in rates of mood disorders, with greater risk for women than men, emerge around age 13.
“This is especially important in light of evidence that sex differences (i.e., greater risk for women vs. men) in rates of mood disorders emerge around age 13 (e.g., Hankin & Abramson, 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hankin & Abramson, 2001
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- Interpretationown data
The present study extends prior literature by providing longitudinal data on changes in self-reported reward and threat sensitivities and in volumes of relevant brain regions.
“Importantly, the present study extends this prior literature by providing longitudinal data on self-reported reward and threat sensitivities' changes and changes in volumes of relevant brain regions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The effects of individual differences in baseline reward-relevant brain volumes hold across the full age range of the sample.
“Importantly, in additional analyses not reported here, there were no significant interaction effects of age and baseline Nacc and medial OFC volumes on reward sensitivity, suggesting that these effects of individual differences in baseline reward-relevant brain volumes hold across the full age range of the sample.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductnone given
The longitudinal study used only two time points over a two-year interval.
“The longitudinal aspect of the study relied on only two time points over a two-year interval.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The healthy sample allowed conclusions about normative development and normative risk for psychopathology during adolescence.
“This has allowed us to draw conclusions about normative development and normative risk for psychopathology during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The finding of increased amygdala volume in adolescent females versus males contradicts some prior studies of sex-dimorphic longitudinal amygdala volume changes.
“In addition, our findings of increased amygdala volume in adolescent females versus males contradict some prior studies of sex dimorphic longitudinal changes in amygdala volume with an increase for males and decrease for females (e.g., Giedd et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Giedd et al., 2006
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- Interpretationcitation
The present study supports the theory that adolescence is a unique period in the human lifespan for reward-seeking behavior.
“Overall, the present study supports the theory that adolescence is a unique time period in the human lifespan for reward-seeking behavior (Wahlstrom, Collins, White & Luciana, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wahlstrom, Collins, White & Luciana, 2010
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- Interpretationreasoning
Increased Nacc and medial OFC volumes appear to be a biomarker for individuals especially sensitive to developmental or environmental perturbations to the reward system.
“In either case, increased Nacc and medial OFC volumes seem to be a biomarker for individuals especially sensitive to developmental or environmental perturbations to the reward system (i.e., BAS).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Some developmental BAS-relevant processes, such as those assessed by BAS Drive, may be protracted over intervals longer than two years.
“Our data also suggest that some of these developmental BAS-relevant processes (e.g., as assessed by BAS Drive) may be protracted over longer intervals than two years.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Adult women have been found to have greater BAS Reward Responsiveness than adult men.
“Similar to the present findings, adult women have been found to have greater BAS Reward Responsiveness compared to adult men (Jorm et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jorm et al., 1999
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- Study design and conductreasoning
The cross-sectional findings cannot rule out potential age-cohort effects.
“Again, we cannot rule out potential age-cohort effects given that these were cross-sectional findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The present study provides the first longitudinal support for developmental increases in reward sensitivity from early adolescence into late adolescence.
“The present study provides the first longitudinal study's support for developmental increases in reward sensitivity from early adolescence into late adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Increases in BIS and BAS sensitivities may be one mechanism leading to increased risk for mood disorders in adolescent females compared to males.
“Thus, increases in BIS and BAS sensitivities may be one of the mechanisms leading to increased risk for mood disorders in adolescent females compared to adolescent males.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The present study is consistent with prior cross-sectional findings of a curvilinear increase in sensation seeking during adolescence.
“The present study is also consistent with the prior cross-sectional findings of a curvilinear pattern for increases in sensation seeking, an overlapping but distinct construct from reward sensitivity, during adolescence (Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2010; Steinberg et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Harden & Tucker-Drob, 2010
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- cites Steinberg et al. 2008
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- Interpretationown data
Reward sensitivity is not a uniform construct with a single developmental trajectory during this critical period.
“It also suggests that reward sensitivity is not a uniform construct with a single developmental trajectory during this critical period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Sex differences in reward sensitivity may vary across developmental stages.
“This suggests that sex differences in sensitivity to reward may differ at different developmental stages, but additional research is necessary to fully address these inconsistencies in findings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The study provides an important and novel identification of individual differences in reward-processing brain structures that predict different rates of reward sensitivity increases during adolescence.
“This is an important and novel identification of individual differences in brain structures involved in reward processing that predict different rates of reward sensitivity increases during adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 26
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt Time 1, early adolescents had lower BAS Reward Responsiveness scores than late adolescents and young adults; at Time 2, the age groups did not differ.
“At Time 1, early adolescents exhibited lower scores than both late adolescents and young adults (ps ≤ .02). At Time 2, the groups' scores did not differ.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo significant effects of lateral OFC, medial OFC, or amygdala volumes on BAS Drive change were found.
“There were no significant effects of lateral OFC, medial OFC and amygdala volumes on BAS Drive score changes from Time 1 to Time 2.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt Time 2, late adolescents had greater left Nacc volumes than young adults; there was no age group effect at Time 1.
“There was a significant effect of age group on left Nacc volumes at Time 2, F (2, 143) = 4.37, p = .014, ηp2 = .06, but not at Time 1. Bonferroni-corrected post-hoc analyses yielded greater left Nacc volumes for late adolescents compared to young adults (p = .008) at Time 2.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataEarly adolescents had lower BAS Total scores than late adolescents and young adults, while late adolescents and young adults did not differ.
“yielded lower BAS Total scores for early adolescents as compared to both late adolescents (p = .008) and young adults (p = .003) across the Time 1 and Time 2 assessments; the latter two groups did not differ from each other”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFemales had greater left amygdala volume than males at Time 2, with no difference at Time 1.
“a significant interaction of time by sex on the left amygdala, with females exhibiting greater left amygdala volume than males at Time 2 (p = .017) and no difference at Time 1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn cross-sectional analyses, early adolescents aged 9-12 showed lower BAS Drive and BAS Total scores than late adolescents aged 13-17 and young adults aged 18-23, while late adolescents and young adults did not differ.
“Additionally, in cross-sectional analyses, we found early adolescents (i.e., ages 9 to 12) to exhibit lower levels of BAS Drive and the BAS Total as compared to late adolescents (i.e., ages 13 to 17) and young adults (i.e., ages 18 to 23), with no differences between the two latter age groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataEarly adolescents had lower BAS Drive scores than late adolescents and young adults, while late adolescents and young adults did not differ.
“yielded lower BAS Drive scores for early adolescents as compared to both late adolescents (p = .005) and young adults (p < .001), who did not differ from each other”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataEarly adolescent females showed lower threat reactivity than late adolescent and young adult females, with no difference between the latter two groups.
“Furthermore, early adolescent females exhibited lower reactivity to threat compared to late adolescent and young adult females, with no difference between the two latter groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown dataThe cross-sectional age pattern alternatively suggests age-cohort effects.
“Alternatively, the pattern suggests age-cohort effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPreliminary cross-sectional evidence indicates decreases in BAS sensitivity in elderly populations.
“Interestingly, there is also preliminary cross-sectional evidence for decreases in BAS sensitivity in elderly populations (Jorm et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jorm et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenAll automatically generated volumes were visually inspected for accuracy, and manual corrections were carried out as needed.
“All automatically generated volumes were visually inspected for accuracy, and manual corrections using FreeSurfer tools were carried out as needed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe BIS/BAS scales predict relevant prospective clinical symptoms.
“and relevant prospective clinical symptoms (e.g., Meyer, Johnson, & Winters, 2001)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Meyer, Johnson, & Winters, 2001
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescents compared to adults exhibit greater ventral striatal activation after winning money and increased Nacc activity during risk-taking.
“adolescents, compared to adults, exhibit greater ventral striatal activation (which includes Nacc) after winning money (Ernst et al., 2005) and increased activity in the Nacc during risk-taking (Galvan et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ernst et al., 2005
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- cites Galvan et al., 2006
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThere were no significant demographic differences between Time 2 completers and non-completers, except completers were slightly younger.
“There were no significant differences in demographic information between participants who completed the Time 2 assessment versus those who did not, except that individuals who completed the Time 2 assessment were slightly younger than non-completers”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe multifaceted nature of reward sensitivity is supported by factor analyses of BAS items and by Carver and White's original formulation.
“The multifaceted nature of reward sensitivity is supported by multi-factor solutions in factor analyses of the BAS scales' items (Cooper et al., 2007) and by Carver and White's original formulation of the scales (1994).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cooper et al., 2007
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- cites Carver & White, 1994
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe present cross-sectional finding that certain aspects of reward sensitivity are stable from late adolescence into young adulthood is consistent with prior longitudinal evidence of two-year stability in BAS sensitivity during the mid-twenties.
“The present cross-sectional findings of stability of certain aspects of reward sensitivity (e.g., persistence in reward pursuit) from late adolescence into young adulthood are consistent with prior longitudinal findings of two-year stability in BAS sensitivity during mid-twenties (Takahashi et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Takahashi et al., 2007
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PremisecitationThe medial OFC is implicated in processing the expected value of reinforcers, and the lateral OFC in processing punishers.
“The medial OFC and lateral OFC have been implicated in the processing of the expected value of reinforcers and punishers, respectively (Kringelbach & Rolls, 2004; but for different view see Morrison & Salzman, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Kringelbach & Rolls, 2004
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- cites Morrison & Salzman, 2009
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataAnalyses controlled for scanner upgrade status and sex.
“which examined effects of continuous covariate age, controlling for scanner upgrade status and sex”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationFreeSurfer morphometric procedures exhibit good test-retest reliability across scanner manufacturers and field strengths.
“FreeSurfer morphometric procedures exhibit good test-retest reliability across scanner manufacturers and across field strengths (Han et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Han et al., 2006
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe BIS/BAS scales correlate with EEG indices of approach and withdrawal affective styles.
“the BIS/BAS scales correlate with EEG indices of approach and withdrawal affective styles (Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997; Sutton & Davidson, 1997)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Harmon-Jones & Allen, 1997
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- cites Sutton & Davidson, 1997
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBAS Drive measures persistence in reward pursuit, BAS Fun Seeking measures desire for novel rewards and impulsive approach, and BAS Total is a composite index of overall reward sensitivity.
“The BAS Drive is proposed to measure persistence in pursuit of rewards, the BAS Fun Seeking a mix of desire for novel rewards and impulsive approach to rewards, and the BAS Total, as a composite measure of the three scales, an index of overall reward sensitivity (Carver & White, 1994).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carver & White, 1994
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May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataPersistence in reward pursuit and overall reward sensitivity remain elevated from late adolescence into young adulthood, while positive affective responses to rewards begin to decline in the early twenties.
“Thus, the present study suggests that persistence in pursuit of rewards and overall reward sensitivity remain elevated from the late teens into young adulthood, even while positive affective responses to rewards (i.e., BAS Reward Responsiveness) start to decrease in the early twenties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe BIS/BAS scales predict experimental responses to rewards and punishments.
“as well as predict experimental responses to rewards and punishments (e.g., Carver & White, 1994)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Carver & White, 1994
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Study design and conductown dataScanner upgrade status had a significant main effect on left Nacc but no interaction with age and/or time, so it does not account for the observed age by time interaction.
“there was a significant main effect of scanner upgrade status, F (1, 145) = 9.26, p = .003, ηp2 = .06, but no significant interaction effects of scanner upgrade status by age and/or time. Thus, this scanner upgrade effect does not account for the observed age by time interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenVolumes of each region were corrected for total brain volume prior to analysis.
“Volumes of each region were corrected for total brain volume prior to analysis and represented as ratios of ROI volume to total brain volume.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOne other study also failed to find a sex difference in reward sensitivity during adolescence.
“It should be noted that one other study has also failed to find this sex difference in reward sensitivity during adolescence (Giles & Price, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Giles & Price, 2008
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe sex-difference pattern partially replicates prior findings of greater threat sensitivity in females and suggests a more specific time interval for the emergence of this sex difference, namely the transition from early to late adolescence.
“This pattern of sex differences partially replicates prior findings of greater threat sensitivity in females (e.g., Knyazev, 2004; Vermeersch et al., 2009) and extends prior studies by suggesting a more specific time interval for the emergence of sex differences in threat sensitivity, i.e., the transition from early adolescence to late adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Knyazev, 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Vermeersch et al., 2009
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataWhile reward sensitivity peaks in adolescence for both males and females, only females appear to show similar increases in threat sensitivity.
“In other words, whereas sensitivity to reward peaks in adolescence for males and females, it appears that only females experience similar increases in sensitivity to threat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe overall sex-difference pattern implies greater emotional reactivity in females than males and increasing threat sensitivity in females but not males during the transition from early adolescence to young adulthood.
“The overall pattern of the present sex difference findings implies greater emotional reactivity for females compared to males, and increasing sensitivity to threat for females and not males, during transition from early adolescents to young adulthood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningSpecialized preprocessing, a unique longitudinal processing procedure, and using scanner upgrade as a covariate ensure that observed brain volume effects are above and beyond scanner upgrade effects.
“However, use of specialized preprocessing to account for differences in image distortion before and after the upgrade, use of a unique longitudinal processing procedure to minimize methodological variance, and the use of scanner upgrade as a covariate in all relevant analyses, ensure that the observed brain volume effects are above and beyond effects explained by the scanner upgrade.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAn MR scanner upgrade occurred during the second assessment.
“There was also an MR scanner upgrade that occurred in the midst of the second assessment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen controlling for total brain volume, cross-sectional analyses have revealed sex differences in striatum volumes during adolescence but not in amygdala volumes.
“However, when controlling for total brain volume, cross-sectional analyses have only revealed sex differences in striatum volumes during adolescence and not in amygdala volumes (e.g., Giedd et al., 1997).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Giedd et al., 1997
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBAS and BIS hypersensitivities have been linked to greater risks for mood and anxiety disorders, respectively.
“Both BAS and BIS hypersensitivities have been linked to greater risks for mood and anxiety disorders, respectively (e.g., Depue & Iacono, 1989; Fowles, 1987; Gray, 1991, 1994; Pinto-Meza et al., 2006; Urošević, Abramson, Harmon-Jones, & Alloy, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Depue & Iacono, 1989
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Fowles, 1987
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Gray, 1991, 1994
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBoth longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses support that reward sensitivity is elevated during adolescence, with potentially different trajectories for different aspects in the early twenties.
“Both the present longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses support that reward sensitivity is elevated during adolescence, but with potential different trajectories for different aspects of reward sensitivity during early 20's.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe sample was predominantly Caucasian and of middle to upper-middle socio-economic background.
“Given the present sample's predominantly Caucasian and middle to upper-middle socio-economic background, replications in samples of different ethnic and socio-economic background are also needed to establish greater generalizability of the present findings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationFreeSurfer outputs were visually inspected and manually edited when necessary, and automated procedures have been found to be as reliable as manual procedures in prior studies.
“Another potential limitation is the use of automatized process for subcortical segmentation and cortical parcellation; however, FreeSurfer's outputs were visually inspected and manually edited when necessary and these automatized procedures have been found to be just as reliable as manual procedures in prior studies (e.g., Fischl et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fischl et al., 2002
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Longitudinal data on changes in BAS and BIS sensitivities in adolescence is lacking in the published literature.
“Longitudinal data with assessments of BAS and BIS sensitivities could address these questions but is lacking in the published literature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Longitudinal data on structural changes in brain regions relevant for reward and threat processing during adolescence are sparse.
“Longitudinal data on the structural changes in brain regions relevant for the processing of reward (and threat) during adolescence are also sparse.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a paucity of longitudinal data assessing structural changes within reward circuitry and whether structural changes relate to variation in reward sensitivity.
“There is a paucity of longitudinal data assessing structural changes within reward circuitry, and whether structural changes relate to variation in reward sensitivity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional age differences in BAS Total and BAS Drive reflect developmental change rather than age-cohort effects.
“This patterning suggests that BAS-Drive scores, like the BAS Total, either increase markedly from early adolescence to late adolescence and then persist into young adulthood, or that there are significant age-cohort effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The left Nacc decrease from late teens to early twenties reflects developmental change rather than cohort effects.
“This pattern of results suggests that there is a decrease in the left Nacc volume that occurs in the transition from the late teens to early twenties, but likely over a more protracted time period than the two-year follow-up captured by this study”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The strength of links between VS or medial OFC structure and reward sensitivity did not appear to change with age.
“there was no evidence for age-related variation in the magnitude of correlations between VS or medial OFC structure and reward sensitivity.”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [59]
Age group did not change how individual differences in these regional volumes related to reward sensitivity facets.
“The effects of individual differences in volumes across these regions on facets of reward sensitivity did not vary by age group.”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [59]
Baseline volumes of the VS and medial OFC tracked with later increases in BAS reward responsiveness.
“Initial levels of VS and medial OFC volumes, on the other hand, were correlated with increases in BAS reward responsiveness [59].”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [59]
Truly longitudinal studies following brain and behavior or clinical symptoms within the same adolescents over time are especially scarce.
“a particular paucity of truly longitudinal studies that have tracked changes in brain and behavior or clinical symptomatology over time within individuals across adolescence (with notable recent exceptions) [31,59,60,83-85].”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [59]
Longitudinal evidence points to increased reward sensitivity from early to late adolescence.
“Longitudinal evidence points to increased reward sensitivity from early to late adolescence (Urosevic et al., 2012).”
From Gaining insight into adolescent vulnerability for social anxiety from developmental cognitive neuroscience (2014) · cites this paper as Urosevic et al., 2012
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 52) = 6.35reported p = .015 · recomputed p = .015
“F (1, 52) = 6.35, p = .015”
- ConsistentF(2, 143) = 4.37reported p = .014 · recomputed p = .014
“F (2, 143) = 4.37, p = .014”
- ConsistentF(1, 145) = 9.26reported p = .003 · recomputed p = .003
“F (1, 145) = 9.26, p = .003”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
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Hippocampal anterior- posterior shift in childhood and adolescence
Plachti, A., Latzman, R. D., Balajoo, S. M., Hoffstaedter, F., Madsen, K. S., Baaré, W. F. C., Siebner, H. R., Eickhoff, S. B., & Genon, S. (2023) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102447 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Luciana, M. M., & Ewing, S. W. F. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationSuri, D., Zanni, G., Mahadevia, D., Chuhma, N., Saha, R., Spivack, S., Pini, N., Stevens, G. S., Ziolkowski-Blake, A., Simpson, E. H., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02194-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Urošević, S., Collins, P., Muetzel, R., Lim, K., & Luciana, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Psychology
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1488-1500
- ISSN
- 0012-1649 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0599
- PMC
- PMC3370133
- OpenAlex
- W1966407031
- Semantic Scholar
- 1a2bd5026bee5abde9bbf515e889dc2a71ae958c
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 7.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2012-04-09)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32 MH 017069)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grant R01 DA 017843)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- reward sensitivity, behavioral approach system, behavioral inhibition system, threat sensitivity, adolescence, nucleus accumbens, medial orbitofrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, brain structure volume, individual differences, sex differences, longitudinal development, substance use risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reward, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Adolescent Development, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.
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