Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), like other psychiatric disorders, represents an evolving construct that has been refined and developed over the past several decades in response to research into its clinical nature and structure. The clinical presentation and course of the disorder have been extensively characterised. Efficacious medication-based treatments are available and widely used, often alongside complementary psychosocial approaches. However, their effectiveness has been questioned because they might not address the broader clinical needs of many individuals with ADHD, especially over the longer term. Non-pharmacological approaches to treatment have proven less effective than previously thought, whereas scientific and clinical studies are starting to fundamentally challenge current conceptions of the causes of ADHD in ways that might have the potential to alter clinical approaches in the future. In view of this, we first provide an account of the diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment of ADHD from the perspective of both the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Diseases. Second, we review the progress in our understanding of the causes and pathophysiology of ADHD on the basis of science over the past decade or so. Finally, using these discoveries, we explore some of the key challenges to both the current models and the treatment of ADHD, and the ways in which these findings can promote new perspectives.
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The WMI showed a large effect size among the primary indices, reinforcing evidence that associates WM deficits with core features of ADHD.
“Within this pattern, the WMI showed a large effect size among the primary indices, reinforcing the evidence that associates WM deficits with the core features of ADHD [47, 48].”
From ADHD, Subtypes and Cognitive Performance: WISC-V as a Support Tool for Diagnostic Assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
As children and young persons with ASD/ADHD age, they often experience emotional and social difficulties.
“As children and young persons with ASD/ADHD age, they often experience emotional and social difficulties.3,4,5”
From Mortality in Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Children and adults with ASD/ADHD are associated with coexisting mental and neurologic conditions (such as oppositional and conduct disorders, tic disorders, epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders).
“Findings from previous studies and reviews have suggested that children and adults with ASD/ADHD are associated with coexisting mental and neurologic conditions (such as oppositional and conduct disorders, tic disorders, epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders).3,4,5,57”
From Mortality in Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Posner, J., Polanczyk, G. V., & Sonuga-Barke, E.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Posner, Jonathan
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 395
- Issue
- 10222
- Pages
- 450-462
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC7880081
- OpenAlex
- W4211094461
- Cited by
- 835
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 176 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 26
- FWCI
- 15.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UH3OD023328)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH101172, R01MH121070)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD diagnosis, DSM-5, ICD-11, pharmacotherapy, psychosocial interventions, non-pharmacological treatment, pathophysiology, ADHD etiology, treatment effectiveness
- MeSH terms
- Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Practice Guidelines as Topic
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