Valuing thoughts, ignoring behavior: The introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot
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BBS has been theorized to result from three possible sources: introspection illusion, naïve realism, and self-enhancement motives.
“Bias blind spot has been theorized to be a result of the three possible sources: introspection illusion, naïve realism, and self-enhancement motives (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
From Agency and self-other asymmetries in perceived bias and shortcomings: Replications of the Bias Blind Spot and link to free will beliefs (2021) · cites this paper as Pronin & Kugler, 2007
Bias blind spots have been attributed to two complementary mechanisms: belief in objective perception of reality (naïve realism) and self-other asymmetries in the value given to introspective evidence.
“Bias blind spots have been attributed to two complementary mechanisms (Pronin, 2007, 2008; Pronin et al., 2004): (a) people’s belief that they objectively perceive reality (i.e., naïve realism; Griffin & Ross, 1991; Ross & Ward, 1996) and (b) self-other asymmetries in the value1 given to introspective evidence (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Pronin, 2007
Self-other asymmetries regarding the value given to introspective evidence support the perception of an objective self in a world of biased others.
“Self-other asymmetries regarding the value given to introspective evidence support the perception of an objective self in a world of biased others.”
From Everyone I Don’t Like Is Biased: Affective Evaluations and the Bias Blind Spot (2026) · cites this paper as Pronin & Kugler, 2007
People rely on heuristics to understand other people's decision-making.
“But people actually lack access to their own associative machinery 18,19 , and rely on heuristics to understand the decision-making of other people 20 .”
From Understanding, explaining, and utilizing medical artificial intelligence (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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Bowman, N. A., & Brandenberger, J. W. (2012) · Review of higher education/The review of higher education · doi:10.1353/rhe.2012.0016 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…into their cognition than they actually do; that is, people confidently report what influenced their decisions, how their attitudes have changed, or what they have learned, but these “introspections” are often incorrect (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Ross, 1989; Wilson, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Price of Financial Precarity: Organizational Costs of Employees’ Financial Concerns
Meuris, J., & Leana, C. R. (2018) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2017.1187 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The incremental validity of average state self-reports over global self-reports of personality.
Finnigan, K. M., & Vazire, S. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000136 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The accuracy of self-reports of behavior—even in-the-moment self-reports—is an empirical question with mixed empirical evidence (Gosling, John, Craik, & Robins, 1998; Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Schwarz, 2012).”
BackgroundPeople Claim Objectivity After Knowingly Using Biased Strategies
Hansen, K., Gerbasi, M. E., Todorov, A. T., Kruse, E. T., & Pronin, E. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214523476 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…test has demonstrated that individuals’ evaluations of this test are self-servingly biased such that individuals who believe that they have performed poorly evaluate the test more negatively than individuals who believe they have performed well (Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Pronin et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSelf‐reports, peer ratings and construct validity
Paunonen, S. V., & O’Neill, T. (2010) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.751 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Other putative advantages of such informant reports include minimizing certain memory errors or biases in self-reports (Pronin & Kugler, 2007), and incorporating a vantage point external to that of the self (Kolar et al., 1996).”
BackgroundThe Divide Between Diversity Training and Diversity Education: Integrating Best Practices
King, E. B., Gulick, L. M. V., & Avery, D. R. (2009) · Organizational Behavior Teaching Review · doi:10.1177/1052562909348767 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Research in social psychology (e.g., Pronin & Kugler, 2007) suggests that attitude change may require an awareness and understanding of the cognitive structures and biases which underlie our beliefs, thus supporting the need for educators and trainers to attend to awareness and knowledge.”
BackgroundConcepts and implications of altruism bias and pathological altruism
Oakley, B. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1302547110 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“However, surprisingly, an individual can be oblivious to the consequences of these interwoven effects as a consequence of “bias blind spot” (43).”
BackgroundHelzer, E. G., & Dunning, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028124 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Perceived partner responsiveness promotes intellectual humility
Reis, H. T., Lee, K. Y., O'Keefe, S. D., & Clark, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.05.006 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
‘Mum, can I play on the internet?’
Cornish, L. S. (2014) · International Journal of Advertising · doi:10.2501/ija-33-3-437-473 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mentalizing during social InterAction: A four component model
Wu, H., Liu, X., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2020) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.12.031 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Implicit bias, awareness and imperfect cognitions
Holroyd, J. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.024 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…measures so valuable.31 Moreover, recent studies indicate that such a motivation has a role in sustaining our view of ourselves as immune to bias: Pronin and Kugler (2007) found individuals to over-rely on on misleading introspective evidence of propensity to bias (introspection revealing –…”
BackgroundBeyond the Business Case: An Ethical Perspective of Diversity Training
Jones, K. P., King, E. B., Nelson, J. K., Geller, D. S., & Bowes‐Sperry, L. (2013) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21517 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Finally, advanced organizers could be used to help trainees realize their own biases, thereby reducing bias blind spots (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
BackgroundCan College Students Accurately Assess What Affects Their Learning and Development?
Bowman, N., & Seifert, T. A. (2011) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2011.0042 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Psychologists have long questioned people’s ability to make accurate judgments about themselves (e.g., Gilbert, 2007; Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Wilson, 2002); that is, people generally think they know what will make them happy, why they decided on a certain course of action,…”
BackgroundThe topography of generosity: Asymmetric evaluations of prosocial actions.
Klein, N., & Nicholas Epley, A. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000025 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Innovation and cause-related marketing success: a conceptual framework and propositions
Christofi, M., Leonidou, E., Vrontis, D., Kitchen, P. J., & Papasolomou, I. (2015) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-04-2014-0114 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The SPOT Effect: People Spontaneously Prefer their Own Theories
Gregg, A. P., Mahadevan, N., & Sedikides, C. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1099162 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
False polarization: debiasing as applied social epistemology
Kenyon, T. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0438-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Debunking Biased Thinkers (Including Ourselves)
Ballantyne, N. (2015) · Journal of the American Philosophical Association · doi:10.1017/apa.2014.17 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“But in self-judgment about bias, we overlook our actions and instead cling to how things feel on the inside (Pronin and Kugler 2007).”
BackgroundCritical Thinking Education and Debiasing (AILACT Essay Prize Winner 2013)
Beaulac, G., & Kenyon, T. (2014) · Informal Logic · doi:10.22329/il.v34i4.4203 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
In Search of Our True Selves: Feedback as a Path to Self-Knowledge
Bollich, K. L., Johannet, P. M., & Vazire, S. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00312 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“More generally, introspection may work when people pay attention to subtle cues (Wilson, 2003; Hofmann and Wilson, 2010), or are educated about the common pitfalls and biases associated with introspection (Pronin and Kugler, 2007).”
BackgroundContext Effects and Observer Bias—Implications for Forensic Odontology
Page, M., Taylor, J. A., & Blenkin, M. (2011) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01903.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Indeed, the ignorance of contextual effects is a recognized psychological phenomenon in itself and has been termed the ‘‘bias blind spot’’ (3).”
BackgroundBallantyne, N. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190847289.003.0008 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Can Novices Trust Themselves to Choose Trustworthy Experts? Reasons for (Reserved) Optimism
Brennan, J. (2020) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2019.1703056 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“This dimension of cognitive biases is explained by a phenomenon called the bias blind spot, extensively researched by Emily Pronin (2007; Pronin and Kugler 2007; Pronin, Lin, and Ross 2002; Pronin, Gilovich, and Ross 2004) and helpfully summarized by Nathan Ballantyne (2015).”
The power and limits of personal change: When a bad past does (and does not) inspire in the present.
Klein, N., & O’Brien, E. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000088 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Via an essay task, observers were given more direct access to others’ internal states by reading about their first-hand, full experience in either changing or staying the same (see Pronin & Kugler, 2007, Study 3, for a conceptually similar method).”
BackgroundMethodKelly, T. A. F. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192842954.001.0001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
When cognition turns vicious: Heuristics and biases in light of virtue epistemology
Samuelson, P. L., & Church, I. M. (2015) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2014.904197 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“We over-rely on our introspections, considering the more objective, behavioral facts as secondary (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodReflective practice in clinical psychology: Reflections from basic psychological science.
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Basterfield, C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12352 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Failing to detect it, they conclude that they are largely or entirely unbiased (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
BackgroundNasie, M., Bar-Tal, D., Pliskin, R., Nahhas, E., & Halperin, E. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214551153 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors led them to be less affected by these specific biases in their judgments and decision-making (see, for example, Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Rand, 2003; Schul, 1993).1 Hence, we hypothesized that raising awareness to naïve realism and addressing its implications and…”
BackgroundVIII—What Do We Want from a Model of Implicit Cognition?
Holroyd, J. (2016) · Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Hardback) · doi:10.1093/arisoc/aow005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Toward a General Framework of Biased Reasoning: Coherence-Based Reasoning
Simon, D., & Read, S. J. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231204579 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Given this perceived access to objective truth, people tend to believe that others will share the same impression and that divergent perceptions stem from being uninformed, unreasonable, or biased (Pronin et al., 2004; Pronin & Kugler, 2007; L. Ross & Ward, 1996).”
Assessing learning and development among diverse college students
Bowman, N. A. (2010) · New Directions for Institutional Research · doi:10.1002/ir.322 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In general, people are confident about all kinds of self-knowledge, such as knowledge of their own traits and characteristics and their ability to identify factors that influenced their decision making, but their views are often erroneous (Nisbett and Wilson, 1977; Pronin and Kugler, 2007; Wilson, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluencing choice without awareness
Olson, J. A., Amlani, A. A., Raz, A., & Rensink, R. A. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.004 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“It might also help with related effects, such as the introspective illusion, in which people overestimate the accuracy of their thoughts (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977; Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
BackgroundThe illusion of argument justification.
Fisher, M., & Keil, F. C. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0032234 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Klein, N., & Nicholas Epley, A. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217711918 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The forensic disclosure model: What should be disclosed to, and by, forensic experts?
Almazrouei, M. A., Dror, I. E., & Morgan, R. M. (2019) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2019.05.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ethical decision-making models: a taxonomy of models and review of issues
Johnson, M. K., Weeks, S. N., Peacock, G. G., & Rodríguez, M. M. D. (2021) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2021.1913593 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mitigating bias blind spot via a serious video game
Bessarabova, E., Piercy, C. W., King, S., Vincent, C. S., Dunbar, N. E., Burgoon, J. K., Miller, C. H., Jensen, M. L., Elkins, A. C., Wilson, D. W., et al. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.089 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“BBS stems from the unconscious tendency to value one's knowledge, experiences, and introspections over the knowledge, experiences, and introspections of others (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
InfluentialLegal psychologists as experts: guidelines for minimizing bias
Vredeveldt, A., van Rosmalen, E. A. J., Koppen, P. J. V., Dror, I. E., & Otgaar, H. (2022) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2022.2114476 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“A possible explanation may be that people believe that they have insight into their own mental state, but consider other people ’ s introspections to be untrustworthy (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
When evaluators get it wrong: False positive IDs and parental alienation.
Warshak, R. A. (2019) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000216 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Research on biases leaves no doubt that cognitive biases operate automatically, outside of awareness, and they cannot be avoided simply through introspection and conscious effort (Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Wilson & Brekke, 1994).”
BackgroundModeling strategic management for cause‐related marketing
Tsai, S. (2009) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/02634500910977872 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Examining systematic errors in predictors of college student self‐reported gains
Bowman, N. A. (2011) · New Directions for Institutional Research · doi:10.1002/ir.386 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Complex Social Consequences of Self-Knowledge
Tenney, E. R., & Spellman, B. A. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610390965 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…consistent with research suggesting that people generally believe what other people say (Gilbert, 1991; Zuckerman, Koestner, & Alton, 1984) but also that people assume that their own insight into their own knowledge and abilities is better (Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Spellman, Tenney, & Scalia, 2010).”
BackgroundDouble Standards in the Use of Enhancing Products By Self and Others
Williams, E. F., & Steffel, M. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/676750 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The objectivity illusion and voter polarization in the 2016 presidential election
Schwalbe, M. C., Cohen, G. L., & Ross, L. D. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912301117 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
How is Information Valued? Evidence from Framed Field Experiments
Hoffman, M. (2016) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12401 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…the degree of other people’s overconfidence).24 This result is consistent with a large literature in psychology on the ‘blind spot bias’, where subjects believe behavioural biases to be stronger in others than in themselves (Ehrlinger et al., 2005; Pronin and Kugler, 2007; Pronin et al., 2007).”
ResultValue revelations: Disclosure is in the eye of the beholder.
Pronin, E., Fleming, J. J., & Steffel, M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012710 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“More recent work has demonstrated that people not only have more access to their own thoughts, feelings, desires, and intentions but also place more weight on that sort of information when making self-judgments (Kruger & Gilovich, 2004; Pronin, Berger, & Molouki, 2007; Pronin & Kugler, 2007 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHumans’ Bias Blind Spot and Its Societal Significance
Pronin, E., & Hazel, L. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231178745 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This inappropriate reliance on information gained by looking inward constitutes an introspection illusion (e.g., Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
Self-citationAnything You Can Do, I Can Do Better: Bias Awareness in Forensic Evaluators
Zappala, M., Reed, A. L., Beltrani, A., Zapf, P. A., & Otto, R. K. (2017) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/24732850.2017.1413532 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…on the bias blind spot in community and student samples, this sample of forensic mental health professionals demonstrated a propensity to rate themselves as less biased than their peers and colleagues (Frantz, 2006; Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Pronin et al., 2002; West, Meserve, & Stanovich, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe unexpected social consequences of diverting attention to our phones
Barrick, E. M., Barasch, A., & Tamir, D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104344 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Conceptions of the Self and Others Across Time
Williams, E. F., & Gilovich, T. D. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208317603 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Williams, E. F., Gilovich, T. D., & Dunning, D. A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211421937 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…know their own desires and intentions, they know their goals and aspirations (Andersen & Ross, 1984; Johnson, 2009; Pronin, Berger, & Molouki, 2007; Pronin & Kugler, 2007), and they are aware of situational constraints and random events that might have prevented them from realizing their potential…”
BackgroundDunbar, N. E., Wilson, S. N., Adame, B. J., Elizondo, J., Jensen, M. L., Miller, C. H., Kauffman, A. A., Seltsam, T., Bessarabova, E., Vincent, C. S., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Game-Based Learning · doi:10.4018/ijgbl.2013100102 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tomlin, K. A., Metzger, M. L., & Bradley‐Geist, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04294-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Koch, C., Dreimüller, N., Weißkircher, J., Deis, N., Gaitzsch, E., Wagner, S., Stoll, M., Bäßler, F., Lieb, K., & Jünger, J. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-05420-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Toward an understanding of collective intellectual humility.
Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Pärnamets, P., Bland, S., Astola, M., Cichocka, A., de Ridder, J., Mercier, H., Meyer, M., O’Connor, C., Porter, T., et al. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.09.006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Furthermore, we tend to recognize biases and motivated reasoning more readily in others than we do in ourselves [23,48 – 50].”
Walden, T. A., Lesner, T. A., & Jones, R. M. (2019) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2019.105965 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Bias turns out to be relatively easy to recognize in others but more difficult to detect in one’s own judgments (Pronin & Kugler, 2007; Pronin, Lin, & Ross, 2002).”
BackgroundWang, Q., & Jeon, H. J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240232 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Third, in previous studies of perceptions of bias in self versus others, participants were typically asked to estimate the degree to which the judgments of others or their own might be influenced by bias, or to make explicit self-to-other comparisons on susceptibility to bias [22, 23].”
BackgroundResultSelf-enhancement and theory-based correction processes
McCaslin, M. J., Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.05.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Most typically, making people aware of the truth by enhancing their cognitive skills (Kruger & Dunning, 1999) and helping them identify factors that can lead to bias (Pronin & Kugler, 2007) have been shown to diminish these errors.”
BackgroundCui, N., Xu, L., Wang, T., Qualls, W. J., & Hu, Y. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116670513 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…the culture mixing is judged based on factual observation instead of motivational inference, the self–other asymmetry will be reduced because judgment based on the explicit facts is less involved in the introspection information related to one’s or others’ internal states (Pronin & Kugler, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodForensic clinicians’ understanding of bias.
MacLean, N., Neal, T. M. S., Morgan, R. D., & Murrie, D. C. (2019) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000212 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Thompson, W. C., & Scurich, N. (2019) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14031 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Age-Based Hiring Discrimination as a Function of Equity Norms and Self-Perceived Objectivity
Lindner, N. M., Graser, A., & Nosek, B. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084752 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“For example, reading a supposed Science article describing the breadth of psychological research on how nonconscious processes influence judgments eliminated the bias blind spot – individuals’ tendency to perceive themselves to be much less susceptible than other people to various cognitive biases [21].”
BackgroundThe Scope of Debiasing in the Classroom
Beaulac, G., & Kenyon, T. (2016) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-016-9398-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pronin, E., & Kugler, M. B.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pronin, Emily
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 565-578
- ISSN
- 0022-1031 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2124744634
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 18.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Keywords
- bias blind spot, behavioral data, unconscious processes, metacognition
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