Cited by 273Stress Responses and CortisolResilience and Mental HealthAging and Gerontology Research

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Aging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults

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Gaffey, Allison E., Bergeman, C.S., Clark, Lee Anna, Wirth, Michelle M.·2016·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036PMC PMC5621604

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Abstract

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function may change over the course of aging, and altered diurnal or stress-induced secretion of the hormone cortisol could predispose older adults to negative health outcomes. We propose that psychological resilience may interact with diurnal cortisol to affect health outcomes later in life. Emotion regulation and social support are two constructs that contribute to resilience and exhibit age-specific patterns in older adults. Determining how the use of resilience resources interacts with age-related diurnal cortisol will improve our understanding of the pathways between stress, resilience, and well-being. In this review, we assess published studies evaluating diurnal cortisol in older adults to better understand differences in their HPA axis functioning. Evidence thus far suggests that diurnal cortisol may increase with age, although cross-sectional studies limit the conclusions that can be drawn. We also review extant evidence connecting age-specific signatures of emotion regulation and social support with diurnal cortisol. Conclusions are used to propose a preliminary model demonstrating how resilience resources may modulate the effects of cortisol on health in aging.

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“Importantly, the CAR is driven by morning awakening, and does not occur in response to waking during other times of the day, such as after naps (Federenko et al., 2004).”
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Effective Regulation of the Experience and Expression of Negative Affect in Old Age
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“Some cortisol and aging studies have included individuals older than 80 years of age (e.g., Carvalhaes-Neto et al., 2003; Sharma et al., 1989; Vermeulen et al., 1982).”
Background
Cortisol secretion and fatigue: Associations in a community based cohort
Meena Kumari, B., Badrick, E., Chandola, T., Adam, E. K., Stafford, M., Marmot, M. G., Kirschbaum, C., & Mika Kivimaki, B. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.05.001 · Cited by 135
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Age Differences in Affective Well‐Being: Context Matters
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Alterations in Diurnal Salivary Cortisol Rhythm in a Population-Based Sample of Cases With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
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“In less healthy samples, adverse health conditions have been associated with an altered CAR or flatter slope (e.g., Hackett et al., 2014; Hek et al., 2013; Kumari et al., 2009, 2010a,b; Nater et al., 2008; Sephton et al., 2000), which may be a signature of hypo- or hypercortisolism (Miller et al.,…”
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Glucocorticoid sensitivity in humans-interindividual differences and acute stress effects
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Perceived Stress and Salivary Cortisol in Daily Life
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Identifying patterns in cortisol secretion in an older population. Findings from the Whitehall II study
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Resilience and Aging
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Neuroendocrine Correlates of the Aging Brain in Humans
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Blunted Diurnal Cortisol Pattern Is Associated With Frailty: A Cross-Sectional Study of 745 Participants Aged 65 to 90 Years
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Thinking with Your Head and Your Heart: Age Differences in Everyday Problem-Solving Strategy Preferences
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Bereavement and old age.
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The International encyclopedia of depression
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Distinct Functions of Social Support and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults
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Untitled work
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Factors influencing cortisol level and slope among community dwelling older adults in Minnesota
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Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association
Fragala, M. S., Cadore, E. L., Dorgo, S., Izquierdo, M., Kraemer, W. J., Peterson, M. D., & Ryan, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230 · Cited by 1,290
The Biology of Human Resilience: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience Across the Life Span
Feder, A., Fred-Torres, S., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.012 · Cited by 269
Benefits from one session of deep and slow breathing on vagal tone and anxiety in young and older adults
Magnon, V., Dutheil, F., & Vallet, G. T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-98736-9 · Cited by 149
Chronic Stress and Autoimmunity: The Role of HPA Axis and Cortisol Dysregulation
Nunez, S. G., Rabelo, S. P., Subotic, N., Caruso, J. W., & Knezevic, N. N. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26209994 · Cited by 138
“Moreover, aging and social isolation appear to exacerbate HPA dysregulation, creating a feedforward loop of immune senescence, neuroinflammation, and frailty, especially in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease [54].”
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See all 273

Authors: Gaffey, A. E., Bergeman, C. S., Clark, L. A., & Wirth, M. M.
Affiliations: University of Notre Dame (US)
Corresponding author: Gaffey, Allison E.
ORCID: Gaffey, Allison E.
Bergeman, C.S.
Clark, Lee Anna
Wirth, Michelle M.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-09
Volume: 68
Pages: 928-945
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036
PMC: PMC5621604
OpenAlex: W2463112166
Cited by: 273
References: 208
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 2
FWCI: 2.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Notre Dame Emotion and Stress Physiology Laboratory
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, aging, diurnal cortisol, psychological resilience, older adults, stress, emotion regulation, social support, cortisol secretion, well-being, age-related changes
MeSH terms: Adult, Aging, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Stress, Psychological

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Aging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults

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