The Genetics of Major Depression

Flint, Jonathan; Kendler, Kenneth S.

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.033

Cited by 82Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyTreatment of Major DepressionNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

The Genetics of Major Depression

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Flint, Jonathan, Kendler, Kenneth S.·2014·Neuron

DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.033

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Abstract

(Neuron 81, 484–503; February 5, 2014) The original publication contained errors in gene nomenclature in Table 2. The table has now been corrected in the article online. The Genetics of Major DepressionFlint et al.NeuronFebruary 05, 2014In BriefGenetic analysis of major depression lags behind that of other disease. Genome-wide association and linkage results provide constraints on major depression’s genetic architecture, indicating that candidate gene studies are underpowered. The disorder is heterogeneous; subtypes likely exist that represent more homogenous conditions suitable for genetic dissection. Full-Text PDF Open Access

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Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C., Neale, M. C., & Prescott, C. A. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701003907 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citation
Stressful life events and genetic liability to major depression: genetic control of exposure to the environment?
KENDLER, K. S., & KARKOWSKI-SHUMAN, L. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797004716 · Cited by 328 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Is it possible that the endogenous form of MD is more genetically determined than others? The short answer to that question is no; in fact, contrary to the hypothesis that subjects whose MD appears to be devoid of precipitating events should have increased genetic predisposition (indexed by greater family history), th…”
Self-citation
The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the perspective of genetic epidemiology. A review of twin and family studies
MIDDELDORP, C. M., CATH, D. C., VAN DYCK, R., & BOOMSMA, D. I. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170400412x · Cited by 316 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Do the same genetic loci that increase susceptibility to MD also increase susceptibility to other disorders? Two quantitative Reviews (meta-analyses) agree that there is a high genetic correlation between anxiety and MD (Cerdá et al., 2010; Middeldorp et al., 2005).”
Offspring of Depressed Parents: 30 Years Later
Weissman, M. M., WICKRAMARATNE, P. J., Gameroff, M. J., Warner, V., Pilowsky, D. J., Kohad, R. G., Verdeli, H., Skipper, J., & Talati, A. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101327 · Cited by 314 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Distinguishing features are relatively nonspecific: those with a family history of MD have more clinically severe illness, tend to present at an earlier age, and suffer higher rates of recurrence (Kendler et al., 1994, 1999; Lieb et al., 2002; Weissman et al., 2006).”
Genetics and Child Psychiatry: II Empirical Research Findings
Rutter, M. L., Silberg, J. L., O’Connor, T. G., & Simonoff, E. A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00423 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Poor replication of candidate genes for major depressive disorder using genome-wide association data
Bosker, F. J., Hartman, C. A., Nolte, I. M., Prins, B. P., Terpstra, P., Posthuma, D., van Veen, T., Willemsen, G., DeRijk, R. H., de Geus, E. J., et al. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.38 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Seventy-five genetic loci influencing the human red blood cell
van der Harst, P., Zhang, W., Leach, I. M., Rendon, A., Verweij, N., Sehmi, J., Paul, D. S., Elling, U., Allayee, H., Li, X., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11677 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Major Depressive Disorder With Subthreshold Bipolarity in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Angst, J., Cui, L., Swendsen, J., Rothen, S., Cravchik, A., Kessler, R. C., & Merikangas, K. R. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09071011 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Comorbidity and boundaries of affective disorders with anxiety disorders and substance misuse: results of an international task force
Merikangas, K. R., Angst, J., Eaton, W., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., Wacker, H., Wittchen, H.-U., Andrade, L., Essau, C., Whitaker, A., et al. (1996) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000298425 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Neurogenesis and affective disorders
Samuels, B. A., & Hen, R. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07614.x · Cited by 286 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 1997]) and impaired corticosteroid receptor signaling (Holsboer, 2000), more recent hypotheses include the involvement of neurotrophins (Samuels and Hen, 2011), fibroblast growth factors (both ligands and receptors) (Turner et al.”
Genetic moderation of environmental risk for depression and anxiety in adolescent girls
Silberg, J., Rutter, M., Neale, M., & Eaves, L. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.2.116 · Cited by 285 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Evidence from twin studies (Kendler et al., 1995a, 2004; Silberg et al., 2001) indicate that genetic risk factors for MD not only alter average risk but also impact on sensitivity to the depressogenic effects of environmental adversities, particularly various forms of childhood maltreatment and recent stressful life e…”
Replication of Linkage Studies of Complex Traits: An Examination of Variation in Location Estimates
Roberts, S. B., MacLean, C. J., Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., & Kendler, K. S. (1999) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302528 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citation
Genome-wide association study of recurrent major depressive disorder in two European case–control cohorts
Muglia, P., Tozzi, F., Galwey, N. W., Francks, C., Upmanyu, R., Kong, X., Antoniades, A., Domenici, E., Perry, J., Rothen, S., et al. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.131 · Cited by 265 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two meta-analyses found no evidence for an interaction (Munafò et al., 2009; Risch et al., 2009), while one meta-analysis concluded that there was an effect (Karg et al.”
Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Female Twins
Kendler, K. S., & Prescott, C. A. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.8.1016 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citation
Heterogeneity of DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder as a Consequence of Subthreshold Bipolarity
Zimmermann, P., Brückl, T. M., Nocon, A., Pfister, H., Lieb, R., Wïttchen, H., Holsboer, F., & Angst, J. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.158 · Cited by 264 · cited 2× · see citing works
“When symptoms of subthreshold mania are sought (elevated mood, irritable mood, or increased activity), a large proportion of unipolar cases are found to qualify: up to half of all cases with unipolar illness (Angst et al., 2010, 2011; Zimmermann et al., 2009).”
The Genetics of Mood Disorders.
Taylor, M. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.11.1594 · Cited by 253 · cited 1×
“The risk for bipolar disorder in relatives of MD probands is only modestly increased, approximately 2-fold across studies (on a relative risk scale) (Tsuang and Faraone, 1990).”
Genome-Wide Association Study of Major Recurrent Depression in the U.K. Population
Lewis, C. M., Ng, M., Butler, A. W., Cohen‐Woods, S., Uher, R., Pirlo, K. J., Weale, M. E., Schosser, A., Paredes, U. M., Rivera, M., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091380 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The Neuronal Transporter Gene SLC6A15 Confers Risk to Major Depression
Kohli, M. A., Lucae, S., Saemann, P. G., Schmidt, M. V., Demirkan, A., Hek, K., Czamara, D., Alexander, M., Salyakina, D., Ripke, S., et al. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.04.005 · Cited by 228 · cited 4× · see citing works
“However, one paper claims a genome-wide significant association: a marker within a gene desert on chromosome 12 (Kohli et al., 2011).”
Influential
Prevalence of anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar depression, unipolar depression and dysthymia
Pini, S., Cassano, G. B., Simonini, E., Savino, M., Russo, A. G., & Montgomery, S. (1997) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(96)01405-x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The inheritance of affective disorders: A review of data and of hypotheses
Gershon, E. S., Bunney, W. E., Leckman, J. F., Eerdewegh, M. M. V., & DeBauche, B. A. (1976) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01065722 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Are Psychological and Pharmacologic Interventions Equally Effective in the Treatment of Adult Depressive Disorders?: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., van Oppen, P., & Andersson, G. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n1102 · Cited by 219 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is even dispute about the value of medication (Khin et al., 2011; Kirsch et al., 2008; Turner et al., 2008; Vöhringer and Ghaemi, 2011) and psychological therapies (Cuijpers et al., 2008, 2010, 2011).”
The Classification of Depressive Illnesses
Kendell, R. (1970) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000193468 · Cited by 216
Exploratory Analyses of Efficacy Data From Major Depressive Disorder Trials Submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration in Support of New Drug Applications
Khin, N. A., Chen, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, P., & LAUGHREN, T. P. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06191 · Cited by 211 · cited 2× · see citing works
“There is even dispute about the value of medication (Khin et al., 2011; Kirsch et al., 2008; Turner et al., 2008; Vöhringer and Ghaemi, 2011) and psychological therapies (Cuijpers et al.”
Methodological challenges of genome-wide association analysis in Africa
Teo, Y., Small, K. S., & Kwiatkowski, D. P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2731 · Cited by 195 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Standard GWAS approaches do not work so well in African populations (Teo et al., 2010).”
Genome‐wide linkage survey for genetic loci that influence the development of depressive disorders in families with recurrent, early‐onset, major depression
Zubenko, G. S., Maher, B. S., Hughes, H. B., Zubenko, W. N., Stiffler, J. S., Kaplan, B. B., & Marazita, M. L. (2003) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.20073 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Association-, Replication-, and Neuroimaging Study Implicates HOMER1 in the Etiology of Major Depression
Rietschel, M., Mattheisen, M., Frank, J., Treutlein, J., Degenhardt, F., Breuer, R., Steffens, M., Mier, D. U., Esslinger, C., Walter, H., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.038 · Cited by 183 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…Discovery 353 366 365,676 MD/RMD rs1545843 2.84 5.53 3 10 8 chr12:84563818 Europe/U.S. Replication 3,738 10,635 – – rs1545843 1.315 1.40 3 10 9 chr12:84563818 Rietschel et al., 2010 German Discovery 604 1,364 491,238 MD rs2765493 1.45 2.26 3 10 7 chr1:157797750 German Meta 1,013 1,905 –…”
Influential
Association of the5-HTTLPRgenotype and unipolar depression: a meta-analysis
Clarke, H. F., Flint, J., Attwood, A. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000516 · Cited by 177 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…2013 11 1,491 2,937 0.12 NA NA rs6311 0.44 NA NA 5HT-6R Fukuo et al., 2010 4 701 2,422 0.406 0.94 0.80–1.08 rs1805054 0.17 8.4% 19,021 5HTTP/SLC6A4 Clarke et al., 2010 39 6,836 14,903 0.007 1.09 1.02–1.16 44 bp ins/del 0.43 65.8% 9,575 Anguelova et al., 2003 11 941 2,110 0.198 1.08 0.96–1.22 44…”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Decreased cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y (NPY) in patients with treatment refractory unipolar major depression: preliminary evidence for association with preproNPY gene polymorphism
Heilig, M., Zachrisson, O., Thorsell, A., Ehnvall, A., Mottagui-Tabar, S., Sjögren, M., Åsberg, M., Ekman, R., Wahlestedt, C., & Ågren, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00101-8 · Cited by 177 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two SNPs (in C5orf20 [Willis-Owen et al., 2006] and in NPY [Heilig et al., 2004]) scored p values less than 0.05, where four would have been expected by chance.”
Influential
Explaining worldwide patterns of human genetic variation using a coalescent-based serial founder model of migration outward from Africa
DeGiorgio, M., Jakobsson, M., & Rosenberg, N. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0903341106 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts
Demirkan, A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Hek, K., Wray, N. R., Amin, N., Aulchenko, Y. S., van Dyck, R., de Geus, E. J. C., Hofman, A., Uitterlinden, A. G., et al. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.65 · Cited by 175 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While lifetime prevalence estimates vary, from 3% in Japan to 16.9% in the U.S., in all countries the disorder is common, with a frequency typically varying from 8% to 12% (Demyttenaere et al., 2004; Kessler et al., 2003).”
Influential
A Genome-Wide Association Study of Depressive Symptoms
Hek, K., Demirkan, A., Lahti, J., Terracciano, A., Teumer, A., Cornelis, M. C., Amin, N., Bakshis, E., Baumert, J., Ding, J., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.033 · Cited by 172 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While Table 1 only includes GWASs of MD, there are also a number of studies of phenotypes that are genetically related to MD, such as the personality trait of neuroticism (Kendler et al., 1993; Shifman et al., 2008) or depressive symptoms (Foley et al., 2001; Hek et al., 2013).”
Understanding the Clinical Heterogeneity of Major Depression Using Family Data
Weissman, M. M. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800050028003 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Family: Neuromodulation of Affective Behavior
Turner, C. A., Watson, S. J., & Akil, H. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.037 · Cited by 160 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 1997]) and impaired corticosteroid receptor signaling (Holsboer, 2000), more recent hypotheses include the involvement of neurotrophins (Samuels and Hen, 2011), fibroblast growth factors (both ligands and receptors) (Turner et al., 2012), GABAergic deficits (Luscher et al.”
Whole genome linkage scan of recurrent depressive disorder from the depression network study
McGuffin, P., Knight, J., Breen, G., Brewster, S., Boyd, P. R., Craddock, N., Gill, M., Korszun, A., Maier, W., Middleton, L., et al. (2005) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi363 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
A whole genome association study of neuroticism using DNA pooling
Shifman, S., Bhomra, A., Smiley, S., Wray, N. R., James, M. R., Martin, N. G., Hettema, J. M., An, S., Neale, M. C., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., et al. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002048 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citation
The dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair-repeat polymorphism and mood disorders: A meta-analysis
López‐León, S., Croes, E. A., Sayed‐Tabatabaei, F. A., Claes, S. J., Broeckhoven, C. V., & van Duijn, C. M. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.030 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The thermolabile variant of MTHFR is associated with depression in the British Women's Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis
Lewis, S. J., Lawlor, D. A., Smith, G. D., Araya, R., Timpson, N. J., Day, I. N. M., & Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001790 · Cited by 151 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Peerbooms et al., 2011 17 3,341 13,840 0.579 1.016 0.96–1.07 rs1801133 0.32 6.2% 250,625 Lewis et al., 2006 9 1,241 1,1021 0.003 1.36 1.11–1.67 rs1801133 0.32 99.1% 518 Gilbody et al., 2007 10 1,280 10,429 <0.05 1.14 11.04–1.26 rs1801133 0.32 43.4% 3,121 Zintzaras, 2006 5 291 897 >0.1 1.15…”
Influential
Evidence for Multiple Genetic Factors Underlying DSM-IV Criteria for Major Depression
Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., & Neale, M. C. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.751 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Estimating the genetic variance of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) due to all SNPs
Lubke, G., Hottenga, J., Walters, R., Laurin, C., de Geus, E. D., Willemsen, G., Smit, J., Middeldorp, C., Penninx, B., Vink, J., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.011 · Cited by 145 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two papers report SNP heritabilities for MD ranging from 21% (Lee et al., 2013) to 30% (Lubke et al., 2012).”
Linkage of the gene for Wolfram syndrome to markers on the short arm of chromosome 4
Polymeropoulos, M., Swift, R., & Swift, M. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0994-95 · Cited by 145 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Table 4 contains one example of a Mendelian mutation that underlies pure MD: Wolfram syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder due to a mutation on the short arm of chromosome 4 (Polymeropoulos et al., 1994).”
Clinical Characteristics of Major Depression That Predict Risk of Depression in Relatives
Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., & Prescott, C. A. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.4.322 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The two major studies that have addressed this question found reassuringly similar answers (Kendler et al., 2001, 2006).”
Self-citation
Mood Disorders and Suicide
Stevens, V., Redwood, S. K., Bost, R. H., et al. (2007) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04571-1.50021-4 · Cited by 139 · cited 2×
“…that the number of loci detected increases linearly with increasing sample size (data are from Frayling et al., 2007; Lango Allen et al., 2010; Loos et al., 2008; Park et al., 2010; Scuteri et al., 2007; Speliotes et al., 2010; Thorleifsson et al., 2009; Wen et al., 2012; Willer et al., 2009).”
A pilot Swedish twin study of affective illness including hospital- and population-ascertained subsamples: Results of model fitting
Kendler, K. S., Pedersen, N. L., Neale, M. C., & Mathé, A. A. (1995) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf02197180 · Cited by 134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A larger study of 486 twin pairs with affective illness provided some support for the threshold model, but the number of bipolar probands was small, so power to discriminate models was low (Kendler et al., 1995b).”
Self-citation
Genetic and environmental influences on psychiatric comorbidity: a systematic review.
Cerdá, M., Sagdeo, A., Johnson, J., & Galea, S. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.006 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Genomewide Significant Linkage to Recurrent, Early-Onset Major Depressive Disorder on Chromosome 15q
Holmans, P., Zubenko, G. S., Crowe, R., DePaulo, J. R., Scheftner, W. A., Weissman, M. M., Zubenko, W. N., Boutelle, S., Murphy-Eberenz, K. P., MacKinnon, D. F., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/421333 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Life stress, 5-HTTLPR and mental disorder: findings from a 30-year longitudinal study
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Miller, A. L., & Kennedy, M. A. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085993 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While Table 1 only includes GWASs of MD, there are also a number of studies of phenotypes that are genetically related to MD, such as the personality trait of neuroticism (Kendler et al., 1993; Shifman et al., 2008) or depressive symptoms (Foley et al., 2001; Hek et al., 2013).”
Stressful Life Events, Genetic Liability, and Onset of an Episode of Major Depression in Women
Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (2010) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.8.3.foc459 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citation
Possible association between ???G308A tumour necrosis factor-?? gene polymorphism and major depressive disorder in the Korean population
Jun, T., Pae, C., Hoon-Han, Chae, J., Bahk, W., Kim, K., & Serretti, A. (2003) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/00041444-200309000-00008 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Use of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention in chronic depression
Scott, J. L., Palmer, S., Paykel, E. S., Teasdale, J., & Hayhurst, H. (2003) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.182.3.221 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Narrowing the Boundaries of the Genetic Architecture of Schizophrenia
Wray, N. R., & Visscher, P. M. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp137 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Wray and Visscher asked this question about the genetic architecture of schizophrenia (Wray and Visscher, 2010).”
The serotonin 1A receptor gene confer susceptibility to mood disorders: results from an extended meta-analysis of patients with major depression and bipolar disorder
Kishi, T., Yoshimura, R., Fukuo, Y., Okochi, T., Matsunaga, S., Umene‐Nakano, W., Nakamura, J., Serretti, A., Correll, C. U., Kane, J. M., et al. (2012) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0337-4 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Kishi et al., 2009 7 1,658 2,046 0.0327 0.821 0.695–0.984 rs6295 0.48 65.9% 2,315 López-León et al., 2008 4 NA NA NS 1.16 0.98–1.38 rs6295 0.48 NA NA Kishi et al., 2013 13 3,199 4,380 0.006 0.87 0.78–0.96 rs6295 0.48 61.9% 4,901”
Influential
C677T and A1298C methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression: a meta-analysis of genetic association studies
Zintzaras, E. (2006) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/01.ypg.0000199444.77291.e2 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…2006 9 1,241 1,1021 0.003 1.36 1.11–1.67 rs1801133 0.32 99.1% 518 Gilbody et al., 2007 10 1,280 10,429 <0.05 1.14 11.04–1.26 rs1801133 0.32 43.4% 3,121 Zintzaras, 2006 5 291 897 >0.1 1.15 0.97–1.36 rs1801133 0.32 13.4% 3,223 López-León et al., 2008 6 875 3,859 0.05 1.2 1.07–1.34 rs1801133 0.32…”
Influential
Inference of the Genetic Architecture Underlying BMI and Height with the Use of 20,240 Sibling Pairs
Hemani, G., Yang, J., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Powell, J. E., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Hottenga, J., Abdellaoui, A., Mangino, M., Valdes, A. M., Medland, S. E., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.005 · Cited by 101 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…et al., 2013; 490 Neuron 81, February 5, 2014 ª2014 Elsevier Inc. Speliotes et al., 2010) and it has a heritability similar to MD (a recent estimate based on 20,000 sibling pairs gave 40% [Hemani et al., 2013], though this is lower than a large meta-analysis of twin data [Nan et al., 2012]).”
Comparing apples and oranges: equating the power of case‐control and quantitative trait association studies
Yang, J., Wray, N. R., & Visscher, P. M. (2009) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.20456 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Genetic association study of BDNF in depression: Finding from two cohort studies and a meta‐analysis
Chen, L., Lawlor, D. A., Lewis, S. J., Yuan, W., Abdollahi, M. R., Timpson, N. J., Day, I. N. M., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Smith, G. D., & Shugart, Y. Y. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30686 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Heritability of body mass index in pre-adolescence, young adulthood and late adulthood
Nan, C., Guo, B., Warner, C., Fowler, T., Barrett, T. G., Boomsma, D. I., Nelson, T., Whitfield, K. E., Beunen, G. P., Thomis, M. A., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-012-9678-6 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Serotonin Transporter Promoter Variant (5-HTTLPR), Stress, and Depression Meta-analysis Revisited: Evidence of Genetic Moderation
Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189 · Cited by 87 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2009), while one meta-analysis concluded that there was an effect (Karg et al., 2011).”
The current state of play on the molecular genetics of depression
Cohen-Woods, S., Craig, I. W., & McGuffin, P. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001286 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A simple summary of Table 1 is that nothing significant has been found and indeed many of the papers and reviews of this field make that point (e.g., Cohen-Woods et al., 2013).”
Solving the Antidepressant Efficacy Question: Effect Sizes in Major Depressive Disorder
Vöhringer, P. A., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2011) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.11.019 · Cited by 81 · cited 2× · see citing works
“There is even dispute about the value of medication (Khin et al., 2011; Kirsch et al., 2008; Turner et al., 2008; Vöhringer and Ghaemi, 2011) and psychological therapies (Cuijpers et al.”
No association of genetic variants in BDNF with major depression: A meta‐ and gene‐based analysis
Gyekis, J. P., Yu, W., Dong, S., Wang, H., Qian, J., Kota, P., & Yang, J. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32122 · Cited by 81 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two SNPs (in C5orf20 [Willis-Owen et al., 2006] and in NPY [Heilig et al., 2004]) scored p values less than 0.05, where four would have been expected by chance.”
Influential
Uncovering the total heritability explained by all true susceptibility variants in a genome-wide association study
So, H., Li, M., & Sham, P. C. (2011) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.20593 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There are currently two implementations of this idea (So et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2011).”
Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity in the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being
Hunt, C., Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (2004) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20019 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“At the gene level (testing for enrichment of significant SNPs), two genes passed the 5% threshold, TNF (Jun et al., 2003) and the norepinephrine transport (NET) (Inoue et al., 2004), again compatible with chance expectations.”
Diagnostic co-morbidity in 2300 psychiatric out-patients presenting for treatment evaluated with a semi-structured diagnostic interview
Zimmerman, M. A., McGlinchey, J. B., Chelminski, I., & Young, D. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001717 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
No association with the 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and major depressive disorder: Results of the depression case control (DeCC) study and a meta‐analysis
Gaysina, D., Cohen‐Woods, S., Craddock, N. J., FARMER, A. E., Hoda, F., Korszun, A., Owen, M. J., Craig, I., & McGuffin, P. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30665 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…1,280 10,429 <0.05 1.14 11.04–1.26 rs1801133 0.32 43.4% 3,121 Zintzaras, 2006 5 291 897 >0.1 1.15 0.97–1.36 rs1801133 0.32 13.4% 3,223 López-León et al., 2008 6 875 3,859 0.05 1.2 1.07–1.34 rs1801133 0.32 51.5% 1,719 Gaysina et al., 2008 4 1,222 835 0.39 0.96 0.84–1.09 rs1801133 0.32 6.4% 80,906”
Influential
Wolframin mutations and hospitalization for psychiatric illness
Swift, M., & Swift, R. G. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001681 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Genetics of Recurrent Early-Onset Major Depression (GenRED): Significant Linkage on Chromosome 15q25-q26 After Fine Mapping With Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Markers
Levinson, D. F., Evgrafov, O. V., Knowles, J. A., Potash, J. B., Weissman, M. M., Scheftner, W. A., DePaulo, J. R., Crowe, R., Murphy-Eberenz, K. P., Marta, D. H., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.259 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2005), chromosome 15, 87–92 Mb (Breen et al., 2011; Holmans et al., 2004, 2007; Levinson et al., 2007), chromosome 3, 4–9 Mb (Breen et al.”
The Clinical Characteristics of Major Depression as Indices of the Familial Risk to Illness
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.165.1.66 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
Positive Association between T-182C Polymorphism in the Norepinephrine Transporter Gene and Susceptibility to Major Depressive Disorder in a Japanese Population
Inoue, K., Itoh, K., Yoshida, K., et al. (2004) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000080957 · Cited by 58 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, 2003) and the norepinephrine transport (NET) (Inoue et al., 2004), again compatible with chance expectations.”
The Mood Spectrum in Unipolar and Bipolar Disorder: Arguments for a Unitary Approach
Cassano, G. B., Rucci, P., Frank, E., Fagiolini, A. M., Dell’Osso, L., Shear, M. K., & Kupfer, D. J. (2005) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.3.1.61 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The truth about genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene and response to stress and medication
McGuffin, P., Alsabban, S., & Uher, R. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085225 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The original studywas carried out on a longitudinal cohort in New Zealand, and empirical literature dealing with whether that finding is robust, and replicable, is unclear and considerably polarized (Caspi et al., 2010; Kaufman et al., 2010; McGuffin et al., 2011).”
Linkage on chromosome 14 in a genome-wide linkage study of a broad anxiety phenotype
Middeldorp, C. M., Hottenga, J., Slagboom, P. E., Sullivan, P. F., de Geus, E. J. C., Danielle Posthuma, B., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002061 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Multiple threshold models for the affective disorders: The Yale-NIMH collaborative family study
Price, R. A., Kídd, K. K., Pauls, D. L., Gershon, E. S., Prusoff, B. A., Weissman, M. M., & Goldin, L. R. (1985) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(85)90071-8 · Cited by 43 · cited 4× · see citing works
“001%, at a p value of 1 3 10 7 and disease prevalence of 10% (Purcell et al., 2003).”
Influential
HTR2A−1438A/G polymorphism influences the risk of schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder: A meta‐analysis
Gu, L., Long, J., Yan, Y., Chen, Q., Pan, R., Xie, X., Mao, X., Hu, X., Wei, B., & Su, L. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23180 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Cumulative and Sequential Comorbidity in a Birth Cohort Followed Prospectively to Age 32 Years
Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Caspi, A., Kim-Cohen, J., Goldberg, D., Gregory, A. M., & Poulton, R. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.651 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental risk factors for depression assessed by subject-rated Symptom Check List versus Structured Clinical Interview
Foley, D. L., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701004755 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Genome-Wide Screen for Depression in Two Independent Dutch Populations
Schol‐Gelok, S., Janssens, A. C. J. W., Tiemeier, H. W., Liu, F., López‐León, S., Zorkoltseva, I. V., Axenovich, T. I., Swieten, J. C. V., Uitterlinden, A. G., Albert Hofman, D., et al. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.033 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Association between major depressive disorder and the norepinephrine transporter polymorphisms T-182C and G1287A: A meta-analysis
Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Ma, H., Qiu, J. F., Wang, Y., & Zhu, G. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.03.016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Suggestive linkage on chromosome 2, 8, and 17 for lifetime major depression
Middeldorp, C. M., Sullivan, P. F., Wray, N. R., Hottenga, J., de Geus, E. J. C., van den Berg, M., Montgomery, G. W., Coventry, W. L., Statham, D. J., Andrews, G., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30817 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Initial results of a genome survey for novel alzheimer's disease risk genes: association with a locus on the X chromosome
Zubenko, G. S., Stiffler, J. S., Hughes, H. B., Hurtt, M. R., & Kaplan, B. B. (1998) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980207)81:1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The tryptophan hydroxylase gene influences risk for bipolar disorder but not major depressive disorder: results of meta-analyses.
Chen, C., Glatt, S., & Tsuang, M. (2008) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00623.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Genetics of Recurrent Early-Onset Major Depression (GenRED): Final Genome Scan Report
Holmans, P. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.2.248 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Arguable Assumptions, Debatable Conclusions
Kaufman, J., Gelernter, J. E., Kaffman, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.041 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Genetic marker studies in a family with unipolar depression.
Weitkamp, L., Pardue, L. H., & Huntzinger, R. S. (1980) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780230105016 · Cited by 25 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…that the number of loci detected increases linearly with increasing sample size (data are from Frayling et al., 2007; Lango Allen et al., 2010; Loos et al., 2008; Park et al., 2010; Scuteri et al., 2007; Speliotes et al., 2010; Thorleifsson et al., 2009; Wen et al., 2012; Willer et al., 2009).”
The I/D polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene in major depressive disorder and therapeutic outcome: A case–control study and meta-analysis
Wu, Y., Wang, X., Shen, X., Tan, Z.-A., & Yuan, Y. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.019 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The CLOCK gene and mood disorders: a case-control study and meta-analysis.
Kishi, T., Yoshimura, R., Fukuo, Y., et al. (2011) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.611602 · Cited by 24 · cited 1×
“Kishi et al., 2011 6 930 2,305 0.47 0.95 0.83–1.09 rs1801260 0.22 8.4% 25,381”
Influential
Linkage analysis of depression spectrum disease.
Wilson, A. F., Tanna, V. L., Winokur, G., et al. (1989) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(89)90020-6 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Wray and Visscher asked this question about the genetic architecture of schizophrenia (Wray and Visscher, 2010).”
Serotonin 6 receptor gene and mood disorders: Case–control study and meta-analysis
Fukuo, Y., Kishi, T., Yoshimura, R., Kitajima, T., Okochi, T., Yamanouchi, Y., Kinoshita, Y., Kawashima, K., Naitoh, H., Umene‐Nakano, W., et al. (2010) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.04.003 · Cited by 17 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…et al., 2003 11 941 2,110 0.198 1.08 0.96–1.22 44 bp ins/del 0.43 12.3% 11,958 Anguelova et al., 2003 10 592 2,094 >0.5 NA NA intron 2 VNTR 0.35 NA NA Furlong et al., 1998 4 275 739 0.049 1.2 1.00–1.45 44 bp ins/del 0.43 17.3% 2,112 Lasky-Su et al., 2005 14 1,961 3,402 0.28 1.05 0.96–1.14 44 bp…”
Influential
No association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and major depression: a case–control study and meta-analysis
López‐León, S., Janssens, A. C. J. W., Albert Hofman, D., Claes, S. J., Breteler, M. M. B., Tiemeier, H. W., & van Duijn, C. M. (2006) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/01.ypg.0000242191.51397.3d · Cited by 17 · cited 18× · see citing works
“López-León et al., 2008 4 541 606 NS 1.06 0.85–1.34 rs6280 0.45 13.8% 5,721”
Influential
DCNP1: a novel candidate gene for major depression
Willis-Owen, S., Shifman, S., Copley, R., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001747 · Cited by 13 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Two SNPs (in C5orf20 [Willis-Owen et al., 2006] and in NPY [Heilig et al., 2004]) scored p values less than 0.05, where four would have been expected by chance.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Unipolar depression: a family study of a large kindred.
Ashby, H. B., & Crowe, R. (1978) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(78)90070-6 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 1985), as have been attempts to find markers that cosegregate with MD in a Mendelian inheritance pattern (Ashby and Crowe, 1978; Weitkamp et al., 1980; Wilson et al., 1989).”

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Altered Connectivity in Depression: GABA and Glutamate Neurotransmitter Deficits and Reversal by Novel Treatments
Duman, R. S., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.013 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Sex differences in depression: Insights from clinical and preclinical studies
Eid, R. S., Gobinath, A. R., & Galea, L. A. M. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.006 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex circuits in depression and anxiety: contribution of discrete neuronal populations and target regions
Hare, B. D., & Duman, R. S. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0685-9 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications
Li, Z., Ruan, M., Chen, J., & Fang, Y. (2021) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-021-00638-3 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Role of BDNF in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Depression: Activity-Dependent Effects Distinguish Rapid-Acting Antidepressants
Duman, R. S., Deyama, S., & Fogaça, M. V. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14630 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“Despite the enormous personal suffering, risk of suicide and economic consequences, our ability to diagnose and successfully treat depression has significant limitations (Flint & Kendler, 2014).”
Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms
Inserra, A., De Gregorio, D., & Gobbi, G. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000056 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Connectome gradient dysfunction in major depression and its association with gene expression profiles and treatment outcomes
Xia, M., Liu, J., Mechelli, A., Sun, X., Ma, Q., Wang, X., Wei, D., Chen, Y., Liu, B., Huang, C., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01519-5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Many studies indicated that MDD is a moderately heritable disorder [26].”
Background
Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of major depression aids locus discovery, fine mapping, gene prioritization and causal inference
Meng, X., Navoly, G., Giannakopoulou, O., Levey, D. F., Koller, D., Pathak, G. A., Koen, N., Lin, K., Adams, M. J., Rentería, M. E., et al. (2024) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01596-4 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citation
Blood biomarkers and treatment response in major depression
Mora, C., Zonca, V., Riva, M. A., & Cattaneo, A. (2018) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2018.1470927 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Genetic Architecture of Major Depressive Disorder in Han Chinese Women
Peterson, R. E., Cai, N., Bigdeli, T. B., Li, Y., Reimers, M., Nikulova, A., Webb, B. T., Bacanu, S., Riley, B. P., Jonathan Flint, C., et al. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3578 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
Myelin and oligodendrocyte lineage cell dysfunctions: New players in the etiology and treatment of depression and stress-related disorders
Boda, E. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14621 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Advance in Stress for Depressive Disorder
Ding, Y., & Dai, J. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9271-0_8 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A sex-specific genome-wide association study of depression phenotypes in UK Biobank
Silveira, P. P., Pokhvisneva, I., Howard, D. M., & Meaney, M. J. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01960-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
What is needed to eradicate the depression epidemic, and why
Ormel, J., Cuijpers, P., Jorm, A., & Schoevers, R. A. (2020) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2019.200177 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Baseline brain perfusion and brain structure in patients with major depression: a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study
Vasić, N., Wolf, N. D., Grön, G., Sosic-Vasic, Z., Connemann, B. J., Sambataro, F., von Strombeck, A., Lang, D., Otte, S., Dudek, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140246 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
From Affective Science to Psychiatric Disorder: Ontology as a Semantic Bridge
Larsen, R. R., & Hastings, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00487 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Regional gene expression signatures are associated with sex-specific functional connectivity changes in depression
Talishinsky, A., Downar, J. H., Vértes, P. E., Seidlitz, J., Dunlop, K., Lynch, C. J., Whalley, H. C., McIntosh, A. M., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Daskalakis, Z. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32617-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Impact of maternal immune activation on maternal care behavior, offspring emotionality and intergenerational transmission in C3H/He mice
Berger, S., Ronovsky, M., Horvath, O., Berger, A., & Pollak, D. D. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The neuroprotective effects of icariin on ageing, various neurological, neuropsychiatric disorders, and brain injury induced by radiation exposure
Li, L. R., Sethi, G., Zhang, X., Liu, C. L., Yan, H., Liu, Q., Ren, B. X., & Tang, F. R. (2022) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203893 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Branched-chain amino acids linked to depression in young adults
Whipp, A. M., Heinonen-Guzejev, M., Pietiläinen, K. H., KAMP, I. V., & Kaprio, J. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.935858 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Microglial circ-UBE2K exacerbates depression by regulating parental gene UBE2K via targeting HNRNPU
Cai, Y., Ji, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, D., Gong, Z., Li, L., Chen, X., Liang, C., Feng, S., Lu, J., et al. (2024) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.96890 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Antenatal exposure to antidepressant drugs and the risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders: a systematic review
Araújo, J. N. D. M., Delgado, I. F., & Paumgartten, F. J. R. (2020) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00026619 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neandertal introgression partitions the genetic landscape of neuropsychiatric disorders and associated behavioral phenotypes
Dannemann, M., Milaneschi, Y., Yermakovich, D., Stiglbauer, V., Kariis, H. M., Krebs, K., Friese, M. A., Otte, C., Estonian Biobank Research Team, Esko, T., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02196-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Epidemiological support for genetic variability at hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and serotonergic system as risk factors for major depression
Ching-López, A., Cervilla, J. A., Rivera, M., Molina, E., McKenney, K., Ruíz-Pérez, I., Rodríguez‐Barranco, M., & Gutiérrez, B. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s90369 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A Mouse Model of Subchronic and Mild Social Defeat Stress for Understanding Stress-induced Behavioral and Physiological Deficits
Goto, T., & Toyoda, A. (2015) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/52973 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Over-integration of visual network in major depressive disorder and its association with gene expression profiles
Zhu, M., Chen, Y., Zheng, J., Zhao, P., Xia, M., Tang, Y., & Wang, F. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03265-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Family history as an important factor for stratifying participants in genetic studies of major depression
Zalar, B., Blatnik, A., Maver, A., Klemenc–Ketiš, Z., & Peterlin, B. (2018) · Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.2478/bjmg-2018-0010 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It has been estimated that sample sizes in excess of 50,000 might be needed for variants with genome-wide significance to be discovered [11].”
Background
The host genetics affects gut microbiome diversity in Chinese depressed patients
Han, K. Q., Ji, L., Wang, C., Shao, Y., Chen, C., Liu, L., Feng, M., Yang, F., Wu, X., Li, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2022.976814 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The “missing heritability”—Problem in psychiatry: Is the interaction of genetics, epigenetics and transposable elements a potential solution?
van Calker, D., & Serchov, T. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.019 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Advances in the knowledge and therapeutics of schizophrenia, major depression disorder, and bipolar disorder from human brain organoid research
Villanueva, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1178494 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Potential biomarkers: differentially expressed proteins of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in plasma samples from patients with depression
Yu, C.-Y., Zhang, T.-L., Shi, S., Wei, T., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2021.1971037 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“As an etiologically heterogeneous condition [1], depression has led to an unsatisfactory diagnosis and treatment outcome due to the uncertainty of its pathogenesis and the lack of a clinical diagnosis index [2].”
Background
Affective enhancement of working memory is maintained in depression.
Schweizer, S., Navrady, L. B., Breakwell, L., Howard, R. M., Golden, A.-M. J., Werner‐Seidler, A., & Dalgleish, T. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000306 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Blended cognitive behavior therapy : efficacy and acceptability for treating depression in the adult and adolescent population
Topooco, N. (2018) · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-148016 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neural and molecular investigation into the paraventricular thalamus for chronic restraint stress induced depressive-like behaviors
He, Y., Ren, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Yu, H., Cai, J., Wang, P., Ren, Y., & Xie, P. (2024) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.10.025 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Beta Adrenoceptor Polymorphism and Clinical Response to Sertraline in Major Depressive Patients
Firouzabadi, N., Raeesi, R., Zomorrodian, K., Bahramali, E., & Yavarian, I. (2017) · Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.18433/j3w31f · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The prognostic role of depression as a predictor of chronic somatic diseases manifestation.
Neznanov, N., Kibitov, A., Rukavishnikov, G., & Mazo, G. (2018) · Терапевтический архив · doi:10.26442/00403660.2018.12.000019 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Депрессия, как и большинство хронических соматических заболеваний, входит в обширный класс мультифакториальных заболеваний полигенной природы с наследственным предрасположением, и генетические факторы играют значительную роль в их формировании, развитии и клинических проявлениях [17].”
Polygenic risk for depression and resting-state functional connectivity of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in young adults
Chen, Y., Li, H.-T., Luo, X., Li, G., Ide, J. S., & Li, C.-S. R. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.240087 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
ENIGMA MDD: Seven Years of Global Neuroimaging Studies of Major Depression through Worldwide Data SharingPreprint
Schmaal, L., Pozzi, E., Ho, T. C., et al. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6j2rw · Cited by 11 · see citing works
11β-Hydroxylase (CYP11B1) gene variants and new-onset depression in later life
Ancelin, M., Norton, J. L., Ritchie, K. A., Chaudieu, I., & Ryan, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.190177 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Genetics of Major Depression: Perspectives on the State of Research and Opportunities for Precision Medicine
Peterson, R. (2021) · Psychiatric annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20210315-01 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Intergenerational Transfer Risk of Major Depressive Disorder
Fang, G., Yu, H., Zhi, S., Xi, M., Peng, Z., Cai, M., Wu, W.-J., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.917888 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Connectome Gradient Dysfunction in Major Depression and Its Association with Gene Expression ProfilesPreprint
Xia, M., Liu, J., Mechelli, A., Sun, X., Ma, Q., Wang, X., Wei, D., Chen, Y., Liu, B., Huang, C., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.24.352153 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The predictive value of polygenic risk scores for depression in gene-environment interaction studies: a systematic review
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Authors: Flint, J., & Kendler, K. S.
ORCID: Kendler, Kenneth S.
Venue: Neuron
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-03
Volume: 81
Issue: 5
Pages: 1214
ISSN: 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.033
OpenAlex: W4246624185
Cited by: 81
References: 169
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 3.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor, 369 d)
Locations: Neuron (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: major depressive disorder, genetic architecture, genome-wide association study, genetic linkage, candidate gene association, disease heterogeneity, depression subtypes, gene nomenclature

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The Genetics of Major Depression

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