Morningness-eveningness and depression: Preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect
Open accessAbstract
There is considerable evidence of circadian rhythm abnormalities in mood disorders. Morningness-eveningness, the degree to which people prefer organizing their activity and sleep patterns toward the morning or evening, is related to circadian phase and is associated with mood, with relatively greater psychological distress among evening types. Given that circadian rhythms may also relate to the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and positive affect (PA), but not to the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) or negative affect (NA), it was hypothesized that individual differences in BAS sensitivity and levels of PA, but not BIS and NA, would explain the association between morningness-eveningness and depression in a sample of 208 individuals with a range of depressive symptomatology. As predicted, increasing eveningness was associated with greater depression, lower BAS, and lower PA, but not directly associated with NA. Path analyses supported a model wherein morningness-eveningness is associated with depression via multi-step indirect paths including BAS-Reward Responsiveness, PA, and NA. A path between BIS and depression was distinct from the one involving morningness-eveningness. A variety of alternative path models all provided a weaker fit to the data. Thus, results were consistent with the BAS and PA mediating the effects of morningness-eveningness on depression.
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Eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity.
“eveningness is associated with depression, reduced reward responsiveness, blunted positive affect rhythms, sensation seeking, poor self-regulation, and impulsivity (70,71,73–79).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [76]
Eveningness and/or delayed sleep timing has been consistently associated with psychiatric conditions, most prominently mood disorders.
“Furthermore, eveningness (and/or delayed sleep timing) has been consistently associated with psychiatric conditions, most prominently mood disorders (e.g., Chelminski, Ferraro, Petros, & Plaud, 1999; Drennan et al., 1991; Hasler et al., 2010; Kitamura et al., 2010).”
From Sleep and circadian contributions to adolescent alcohol use disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Hasler et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Hasler, B. P., Allen, J. J. B., Sbarra, D. A., Bootzin, R. R., & Bernert, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hasler, Brant P.
- Allen, John J.B.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 166-173
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2844473
- OpenAlex
- W2072899041
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH066902)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- chronotype, depression, behavioral activation system, positive affect, behavioral inhibition system, negative affect, circadian rhythm, circadian phase, reward responsiveness, individual differences, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Analysis of Variance, Association, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Models, Statistical, Young Adult
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