Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are new environmental pollutants with a diameter of <5 mm, have received wide attention in recent years. However, there are still very limited data regarding the risks of MPs to animals, especially higher mammals. In this study, we exposed male mice to 5 μm pristine and fluorescent polystyrene MP for six weeks. The results showed that the polystyrene MP was observed in the guts of mice and could reduce the intestinal mucus secretion and cause damage the intestinal barrier function. In addition, high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to explore the change of the gut microbiota composition in the cecal content. At the phylum level, the content of Actinobacteria decreased significantly in the polystyrene MP-treated group. The PD whole-tree indexes of the alpha diversity and principal component analysis (PCA) of the beta diversity indicated that the diversity of gut microbiota was altered after polystyrene MP exposure. At the genus level, a total of 15 types of bacteria changed significantly after exposure to polystyrene MP. Furthermore, the predicted KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) metabolic pathway differences indicated that the main metabolic pathways of the functional genes in the microbial community were significantly influenced by the polystyrene MP. In addition, indexes of amino acid metabolism and bile acid metabolism in the serum were analyzed after polystyrene MP exposure. These results indicated that polystyrene MP caused metabolic disorders. In conclusion, the polystyrene MP induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction and metabolic disorders in mice. This study provided more data on the toxicity of MPs in a terrestrial organism to aid in the assessment of the health risks of polystyrene MP to animals.
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In vivo studies in mammals have shown metabolic disorders at high exposure concentrations.
“and metabolic disorders (5-μm polystyrene microplastics at concentrations of 1.456×106 particles/L and 1.456×107 particles/L).31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Some in vitro and in vivo studies examining impacts of microplastics on mammals show effects, such as intestinal barrier disfunction and alteration of biomarkers.
“Although some in vitro and in vivo studies examining impacts of microplastics on mammals show effects, such as intestinal barrier disfunction and alteration of biomarkers,30,31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
It is unclear if toxicological effects from physical or chemical mechanisms of microplastics are occurring in humans, and at what thresholds effects occur.
“However, it is unclear if toxicological effects from either of these mechanisms are occurring in humans, and at what thresholds effects occur.”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
Smaller nanoparticles exhibit a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing their chemical reactivity, biological interactions, cellular uptake, and tissue penetration.
“Smaller nanoparticles exhibit a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing their chemical reactivity, biological interactions, cellular uptake, and tissue penetration (Jin et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2023; Teng et al., 2022).”
From Deciphering the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on erythropoiesis at single-cell resolution (2025) · cites this paper as Jin et al., 2019
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“Two studies in the mouse found a large number of significant modifications in the bacterial phyla composition after chronic exposure to PS microspheres (5 μm, 1000 μg/L, for 5 or 6 weeks) [60, 91].”
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Polystyrene microplastics induced male reproductive toxicity in mice
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A Review of Human Exposure to Microplastics and Insights Into Microplastics as Obesogens
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Effects of Microplastics on Fish and in Human Health
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Microplastic pollution in vegetable farmlands of suburb Wuhan, central China
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Environmental fate and impacts of microplastics in soil ecosystems: Progress and perspective
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You are what you eat: Microplastics in the feces of young men living in Beijing
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“It has been reported that PS5000 decreases mucus secretion in the colon [13].”
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Polystyrene microplastics induced female reproductive toxicity in mice
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“The possible explanation could be that PS-MPs could induce metabolic disturbances in mice, and nutrient metabolism is also critical for follicular development in the ovary (Jin et al., 2019; Dupont et al., 2014).”
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Self-citationMicroplastic pollution in soil and groundwater: a review
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Self-citationHealth impacts of environmental contamination of micro- and nanoplastics: a review
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“…05 l m (Ra fi ee et al. 2018), 0 : 5 l m (Deng et al. 2018; Lu et al. 2018; Luo et al. 2019b), 1 l m (Deng et al. 2018), 4 l m (Stock et al. 2019), 5 l m (Jin et al. 2019; Luo et al. 2019a, 2019b; Yang et al. 2019), 10 l m (Li et al. 2020; Stock et al. 2019), 20 l m (Deng et al. 2017b; Jin et al.…”
Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction
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Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases
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The potential toxicity of microplastics on human health
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Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and cadmium on the earthworm Eisenia foetida
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“Microplastics may cause changes in the intestinal microbiome, resulting in an imbalance between beneficial and harmful bacteria, which can lead to various gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.(15) In addition to their physical effects on the digestive system, micropl…”
BackgroundPotential health impact of environmental micro‐ and nanoplastics pollution
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“In addition, the diversity of intestinal microbiota was altered owing to PS microplastic exposure, which consequently led to mice metabolic disorders (Jin et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMicroplastics release phthalate esters and cause aggravated adverse effects in the mouse gut
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“In this study, the choice of MPs concentrations (100 μg/L and 1000 μg/L) based on previous studies and was close to those found in natural contaminated areas [19, 23, 38].”
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“These results are in agreement with those recently reported in male mice exposed to 5 μm of pristine and fluorescent PS MPs for 6 weeks (Jin et al. 2019).”
BackgroundResultYang, X., Man, Y. B., Wong, M. H., Owen, R. B., & Chow, K. L. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154025 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Micro- and nanoplastics – current state of knowledge with the focus on oral uptake and toxicity
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“, 2019 [59]: ICR mice, aged 5 weeks Bio-accumulation Effects Exposure through drinking water (unlimited supply), 1000 μg per liter, 42 days 100 μg per liter and 1000 μg per liter, oral gavage, continuous, 42 days Fluorescent PS MPs: 5 μm: 1.”
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“…model animals showed that MPs alter bacterial abundance in the intestine of mice, feeding polyethylene (PE) MPs showed signi fi cant increased abundances in Staphylococcus alongside with a decrease in Parabacteroides [112], and feeding polystyrene (PS) MPs decreased Actinobacteria abundance [113].”
BackgroundGut microbiota of aquatic organisms: A key endpoint for ecotoxicological studies
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A review of potential human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastics exposure
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Nanoplastics and Human Health: Hazard Identification and Biointerface
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Self-citationHarmful effects of the microplastic pollution on animal health: a literature review
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“5–50 mm PS granules in the colon of mice, causing damage to the colon epithelial barrier, reducing the mucus production, inhibiting the expression of tight-junction proteins, and altering the intestinal microflora composition (Lu et al., 2018b; Jin et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020a; Qiao et al., 2021).”
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Detrimental effects of microplastic exposure on normal and asthmatic pulmonary physiology
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Exposure to polystyrene microplastics impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in mice
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Health impacts of microplastic and nanoplastic exposure
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Soil microplastic pollution in an e-waste dismantling zone of China
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Evaluation of Neurotoxicity in BALB/c Mice following Chronic Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics
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“To investigate whether the neurotoxicity of MPs was concentration dependent, we referred to some previous studies 5,32 and fi nally chose two concentrations, 100 and 1,000 l g = L, as experimental concentrations.”
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Micro (nano) plastic pollution: The ecological influence on soil-plant system and human health
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Bioretention cells remove microplastics from urban stormwater
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‘Plasticosis’: Characterising macro- and microplastic-associated fibrosis in seabird tissues
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Occurrence of Microplastics in Tap and Bottled Water: Current Knowledge
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“Other toxic effects regarded lipid metabolism, microbiota, neurotoxicity, inflammatory and immunological responses, cytotoxic effects, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity [47,52,55].”
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Microplastic Toxicity in Aquatic Organisms and Aquatic Ecosystems: a Review
Rakib, M. R. J., Sarker, A., Ram, K., Uddin, M. G., Walker, T. R., Chowdhury, T., Uddin, J., Khandaker, M. U., Rahman, M. M., & Idris, A. M. (2023) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06062-9 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“The biochemical mechanism of MP toxicity may include alteration of lipid metabolism, interaction of ROS in the bloodstream, formation of gut barriers, and dysbiosis of gut-inhabiting microbiota (e.g., Deng et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2018; Jin et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPotent Impact of Plastic Nanomaterials and Micromaterials on the Food Chain and Human Health
Wang, Y., Lee, Y., Chiu, I., Lin, Y., & Chiu, H. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051727 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
“PS microplastics can affect amino acid metabolism by increasing arginine and tyrosine and affect bile acid metabolism by mediating the levels of taurocholic acid (TCA),β-muricholic acid (βMCA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 11 (Abcb11) and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) [87].”
Background
- Authors
- Jin, Y., Lu, L., Tu, W., Luo, T., & Fu, Z.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang University of Technology (CN)
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Fu, Zhengwei
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 649
- Pages
- 308-317
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2889479406
- Cited by
- 1,100
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 161 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 20.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR16B070002, 21777146)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- polystyrene microplastics, gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial metabolic pathways, amino acid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, cecal microbiota, actinobacteria
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Mice, Inbred ICR, Particle Size, Polystyrenes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Particulate Matter, Dysbiosis
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