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Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis: Five Decades Later
Open accessAbstract
Adult somatic stem cells in various organs maintain homeostatic tissue regeneration and enhance plasticity. Since its initial discovery five decades ago, investigations of adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells have led to an established and expanding field that has significantly influenced many facets of neuroscience, developmental biology, and regenerative medicine. Here we review recent progress and focus on questions related to adult mammalian neural stem cells that also apply to other somatic stem cells. We further discuss emerging topics that are guiding the field toward better understanding adult neural stem cells and ultimately applying these principles to improve human health.
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“Radial glial cells, stem cell precursors, and astrocytes - all reported to express GFAP (reviewed in ref.26) - are found in the dentate gyrus2,27,28.”
From Therapeutically viable generation of neurons with antisense oligonucleotide suppression of PTB (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
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MethodNeurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus
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“…will also become possible to directly image the behavior of individual adult NSCs in vivo to explore how experience impacts NSC activation and division directly, as was achieved in adult fish (Barbosa et al., 2015) and for other adult somatic stem cells (Ritsma et al., 2014; Rompolas et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSubventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain
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“Another important transcription factor, achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1), is expressed in a small subset of adult NSCs at a given time and activates NSCs by targeting cell-cycle regulators (Andersen et al., 2014).”
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“In onemodel, NSCs are gradually specified during development and become restricted in the lineage potential in adult (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009).”
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Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth
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Self-citationThe m6A epitranscriptome: transcriptome plasticity in brain development and function
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“During the precursor phase, astrocyte-like quiescent NSCs activate and either divide symmetrically to generate new NSCs or asymmetrically to generate a progenitor and an NSC (Bond et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNeuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis
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“The prolonged capacity of NSCs in the SGZ to self-renew, retain cellular identity, and react to specific signals is fundamental for mammals to ensure life-long neurogenesis in the DG [50].”
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“Neurogenesis from a quiescent radial glia-like NSC is achieved through a stereotypic developmental sequence controlled by the interplay of neurogenic niche-derived signals with intracellular pathways (Bond et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCenteno, E. G. Z., Cimarosti, H., & Bithell, A. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0258-4 · Cited by 268
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“[60], there has been some discrepancy as to whether”
ResultRegenerative Stem Cell Therapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview
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The biosynthesis, signaling, and neurological functions of bile acids
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“In contrast, NSCs in adult rodent SVZ may produce functional neurons in the olfactory bulb [150].”
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“In the adult mammalian brain, stem cells reside in two main germinal regions: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus, and the ventricular–subventricular zone (V-SVZ) adjacent to the lateral ventricles.(6) In this review, we focus primarily on the adult V-SVZ niche, which gives rise to astro…”
BackgroundAstrocytic Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction determines adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions
Chi, S., Cui, Y., Wang, H., Jiang, J., Zhang, T., Sun, S., Zhou, Z., Zhong, Y., & Xiao, B. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.010 · Cited by 203
“For instance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis is restricted in the specialized neurogenic niche of the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), where the maintenance, proliferation, and fate choices of neural stem cells (NSCs) are orchestrated by diverse cell types and local chemical and mechanical…”
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“give rise to dentate granule neurons (Bond et al., 2015).”
Transforming Professional Development Into Student Results
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Troy+ brain stem cells cycle through quiescence and regulate their number by sensing niche occupancy
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“In this paradigm, following entry of qNSCs into the cycle only one daughter cell returns to quiescence, while the other differentiates into a TA cell either directly or through a series of terminal divisions (31).”
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“Adult NSC are predominantly confined to the dentate gyrus located in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, representing a self-repairing mechanism that generates functional neurons after brain injury [180].”
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A comparative view of regenerative neurogenesis in vertebrates
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“D E V E LO P M E N T ‘mammals’ or, likewise, of ‘zebrafish’ to ‘fish’.”
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Brain Endothelial Cells Maintain Lactate Homeostasis and Control Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
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“Neural stem cells (NSCs) have a crucial role in the origination and neural tissue repair of cerebral nerve and can differentiate into neuron and neurogliocytes.(6,7) NSCs are recognized as the most promising natural resource for the treatment of nervous system diseases due to their proliferation, renewal, and passage…”
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Born this way: Hippocampal neurogenesis across the lifespan
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The Hippo pathway in tissue homeostasis and regeneration
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“The cell cycle is strictly coordinated in NSCs to ensure precise neurogenesis (Bond et al., 2015).”
BackgroundCell-of-origin susceptibility to glioblastoma formation declines with neural lineage restriction
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Early stem cell aging in the mature brain
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Olfactory training – Thirteen years of research reviewed
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“However, an excess of lipid droplets in the ependymal cells lining the ventricular zone, part of the niche in the mammalian SVZ, have been recently associated with Alzheimer disease pathology [20].”
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“Neurogenesis and angiogenesis was promoted by catalpol in the brain of ischemic stroke rats Generally, the neurogenesis in adult mammalian brain is mainly generated in two areas: subgranular zone of hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG-SGZ) and subventricular zone of lateral ventricle (LVSVZ) [39].”
BackgroundMechanisms of radial glia progenitor cell lineage progression
Beattie, R., & Hippenmeyer, S. (2017) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.12906 · Cited by 136
Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Neural Stem Cell Homeostasis and Neurological Diseases
Gao, J., Liao, Y., Qiu, M. S., & Shen, W. (2020) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858420914509 · Cited by 129
Adult Stem Cells for Regenerative Therapy
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Lipid droplet availability affects neural stem/progenitor cell metabolism and proliferation
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Self-citationTranscriptome dynamics of hippocampal neurogenesis in macaques across the lifespan and aged humans
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“The DG and CA subregions contain distinct cell types and have different physiological functions.(30,32) In addition to the unique cell types, for example, pyramidal neurons (CA1–3) in the CA regions and GCs, immature neurons (ImmN) and adult NSCs in the DG subregions, other major cell types (Astrocyte, OPC, Oligodendr…”
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Advances in Zika Virus Research: Stem Cell Models, Challenges, and Opportunities
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“During development, somatic stem cells give rise tocellular buildingblocks for different tissues; in someorgans, such as the brain, they continue to produce progeny to maintain tissue homeostasis and play important functions throughout life (Bond et al., 2015).”
Self-citationNeural stem cell niche heterogeneity
Andreotti, J. P., da Silva, W. N., Costa, A. C., Picoli, C. C., Bitencourt, F. C. O., Coimbra-Campos, L. M. C., Resende, R. R., Magno, L. A. V., Romano‐Silva, M. A., Mintz, A., et al. (2019) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.005 · Cited by 117
Autocrine Mfge8 Signaling Prevents Developmental Exhaustion of the Adult Neural Stem Cell Pool
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“Both extrinsic environmental signals and intrinsic signaling pathways regulate the sequential process of neurogenesis in adult SGZ and SVZ, ranging from quiescent neural stem cell activation and fate specification to new neuron development and integration (Bond et al., 2015).”
Self-citationEnhanced lysosomal degradation maintains the quiescent state of neural stem cells
Kobayashi, T., Piao, W., Takamura, T., Kori, H., Miyachi, H., Kitano, S., Iwamoto, Y., Yamada, M., Imayoshi, I., Shioda, S., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13203-4 · Cited by 111
Neurobiology of cannabinoid receptor signaling
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Therapeutic Plasticity of Neural Stem Cells
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“In young adult mice, B1 cells produce around 10,000 young interneurons every day that migrate for 3–8mm along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb (73).”
BackgroundDifferentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Neuroglia: in the Context of Cell Signalling
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Altered adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
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“In the adult brain, NSC populations in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, generate new neurons and glia that integrate into pre-existing neuronal networks (Bond et al., 2015; Lim and Alvarez-Buylla, 2016).”
Brain Structural Plasticity: From Adult Neurogenesis to Immature Neurons
Rosa, C. L., Parolisi, R., & Bonfanti, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00075 · Cited by 107
“Although we have learned a lot about neural stem cell (NSC) biology and the molecular/cellular mechanisms that sustain neurogenesis in rodents (Bond et al., 2015; Kempermann et al., 2015; Lim and Alvarez-Buylla, 2016), direct analysis of human brain has produced many conflicting results (discussed in Arellano et al.”
ResultAl-Naama, N., Mackeh, R., & Kino, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00032 · Cited by 92
“NSCs undergo three major stages: (1) proliferation and renewal of the lineage, (2) migration to appropriate brain areas, and (3) differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes; precise transitioning between these stages is critical for normal brain development (7).”
BackgroundExtracellular vesicles, from the pathogenesis to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases
Xia, X., Wang, Y., & Zheng, J. (2022) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-022-00330-0 · Cited by 97
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Neural stem cell therapy aiming at better functional recovery after spinal cord injury
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“In the adult brain, NSCs reside in the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (Bond et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBrain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Role in Cannabinoid-Mediated Neurogenesis
Ferreira, F. F., Ribeiro, F. F., Rodrigues, R. S., Sebastião, A. M., & Xapelli, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00441 · Cited by 89
Pannexin‐1 in the CNS: Emerging concepts in health and disease
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Kong, X., Lyu, W., Lin, X., Lin, C., Feng, H., Lin, X., Shan, K., Wei, P., & Li, J. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03103-w · Cited by 88
“Neural stem cells form the basis of adult neurogenesis and can differentiate into immature neurons under appropriate stimuli, which can mature further into fully functional neurons [51].”
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JNK Signaling in Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation
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“They can generate multiple neural lineages, including neurons and astrocytes [84].”
BackgroundLong-term exposure to a hypomagnetic field attenuates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition
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Neural Stem Cell Niche and Adult Neurogenesis
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Recent advances in endogenous neural stem/progenitor cell manipulation for spinal cord injury repair
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“Transcriptional control works in conjunction with chromatin remodeling and epigenetic alterations under strict regional and temporal manners to promote eNSPC differentiation and self-renewal [158].”
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Radial glial cells in the adult dentate gyrus: what are they and where do they come from?
Berg, D. A., Bond, A. M., Ming, G.-L., & Song, H. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.12684.1 · Cited by 89
Self-citationElectrical Guidance of Human Stem Cells in the Rat Brain
Feng, J.-F., Liu, J., Zhang, L., Jiang, J.-Y., Russell, M., Lyeth, B. G., Nolta, J. A., & Zhao, M. (2017) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.035 · Cited by 80
“Researchers have demonstrated the rich availability of NSCs both endogenously and through transplantation (Arvidsson et al., 2002; Bond et al., 2015; Gage, 2000).”
BackgroundJang, J.-Y., Hong, Y. J., Lim, J.-S., Choi, J., Choi, E. H., Kang, S., & Rhim, H. (2017) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.045 · Cited by 84
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Reviewing the Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Pathophysiology of Depression
Gallego‐Landin, I., García-Baos, A., Castro‐Zavala, A., & Valverde, O. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.762738 · Cited by 85
“Specifically, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus has been established as the primary area involved in this process (Bond et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMitochondrial Metabolism-Mediated Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis
Beckervordersandforth, R. (2017) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-170044 · Cited by 82
The spinal ependymal zone as a source of endogenous repair cells across vertebrates
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CTNNB1 in neurodevelopmental disorders
Zhuang, W., Ye, T., Wang, W., Song, W., & Tan, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1143328 · Cited by 86
“Further studies also suggest its role in the CNS, especially in cortical development (4), neural stem cell proliferation and neurogenesis (5), neuronal apoptosis (6), cell adhesion (7), and synaptic connection (8).”
BackgroundModeling synaptogenesis in schizophrenia and autism using human iPSC derived neurons
Habela, C. W., Song, H., & Ming, G. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.002 · Cited by 80
“…synapses throughout life in the form of synaptic plasticity of early born neurons, and at the cellular level in the form of the birth and integration of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus, a brain region known to be essential for learning andmemory (Bond et al., 2015; Christian et al., 2014).”
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Metabolic regulation of neurodifferentiation in the adult brain
Maffezzini, C., Calvo‐Garrido, J., Wredenberg, A., & Freyer, C. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03430-9 · Cited by 86
“Structurally, the SVZ in the adult brain lines the lateral ventricles, separated by a layer of ependymal cells [46].”
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“Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in few specific and restricted neurogenic niches of the mammalian brain (Weinandy et al , 2011; Ming & Song, 2012; Bond et al , 2015; Cameron & Glover, 2015) and generate neurons lifelong in the otherwise gliogenic environment (Ninkovic & Gotz, 2013).”
Extracellular matrix and biomimetic engineering microenvironment for neuronal differentiation
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy and Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Kim, J., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Kim, K., Song, M., & Lee, J. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200219 · Cited by 73
The Role of Lipid Metabolism for Neural Stem Cell Regulation
Knobloch, M. (2017) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-160035 · Cited by 78
“brain development and NSPC regulation and the many transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in this process [3, 4, 7].”
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“It is well definitely recommended that DCX+ cells migrate from SVZ to OB rostral migratory stream (RMS) means migration of immature neurons [54].”
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“Chronic stress substantially downregulates AHN in various mammal species (Bond et al., 2015; Eliwa et al., 2017), affecting both the early phase of neurogenesis (cell proliferation) and later stages like neuronal survival and integration into the DG circuitry.”
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Oncogenic and Tumor-Suppressive Functions of NOTCH Signaling in Glioma
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“After formation of the central nervous system is completed, NSCs persist within two restricted regions of the mammalian brain, the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles [61,62].”
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“BMPs play an important role in maintaining the balance between quiescence and proliferation [27].”
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Stem cell therapies in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and stroke
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“The subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus and ventricular subventricular zone (V-SVZ) lining the lateral ventricle retain adult neural stem cells (NSCs) that can generate new neurons and glial cells (Figure 1A,B) [1].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bond, A. M., Ming, G.-L., & Song, H.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Song, Hongjun
- Venue
- Cell Stem Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 385-395
- ISSN
- 1875-9777 (ISSN-L)
- 1934-5909
- PMC
- PMC4683085
- OpenAlex
- W1828558002
- Cited by
- 791
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 7.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell stem cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH105128, R01MH105128)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 048271, R01NS047344, NS 047344, R01NS048271, R21NS093772, R37NS047344, NS093772, NS09538, R56NS047344)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- adult neural stem cells, adult neurogenesis, adult stem cells, tissue regeneration, stem cell plasticity, regenerative medicine, stem cell niche
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Regenerative Medicine, Adult Stem Cells, Neurogenesis, Neural Stem Cells
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