A unified framework for inhibitory control
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Inhibiting unwanted thoughts, actions and emotions figures centrally in daily life, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is widely viewed as a source of this inhibitory control. We argue that the function of the PFC is best understood in terms of representing and actively maintaining abstract information, such as goals, which produces two types of inhibitory effects on other brain regions. Inhibition of some subcortical regions takes a directed global form, with prefrontal regions providing contextual information relevant to when to inhibit all processing in a region. Inhibition within neocortical (and some subcortical) regions takes an indirect competitive form, with prefrontal regions providing excitation of goal-relevant options. These distinctions are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition and how they can be impaired or improved.
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An alternative proposal is that the unity component reflects individual differences in the ability to actively maintain goals and use those goals to bias ongoing processing.
“An alternative proposal is that the unity component reflects individual differences in the ability to actively maintain goals and use those goals to bias ongoing processing [29, 97, 167].”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
The section on indirect competitive inhibition says actively maintained prefrontal representations bias processing toward goal-relevant information, and the Concluding remarks link failures of goal maintenance to inhibitory deficits. The paper does not identify the citing document’s “unity component” or establish that individual differences in it reflect this ability. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese cortical regions provide top-down inhibitory control of subcortical regions, including the amygdala, NAc, and dorsal striatum.
“These cortical regions provide top-down inhibitory control of subcortical regions, including the amygdala, NAc, and dorsal STR (Munakata et al., 2011).”
From Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence (2017) · cites this paper as Munakata et al., 2011
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“To the extent that keeping goals highly active and proactively biasing ongoing processing influences stopping, performance may be more determined by these global processes rather than inhibitionspecific ones [29, 97, 169].”
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- Authors
- Munakata, Y., Herd, S. A., Chatham, C. H., Depue, B. E., Banich, M. T., & O’Reilly, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Corresponding author
- Munakata, Yuko
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 453-459
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3189388
- OpenAlex
- W2149308981
- Cited by
- 699
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH079485)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD37163, R01HD037163)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- inhibitory control, prefrontal cortex, goal-directed behavior, goal maintenance, competitive inhibition, cognitive control
- MeSH terms
- Goals, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Prefrontal Cortex
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