ADHD‐ and medication‐related brain activation effects in concordantly affected parent–child dyads with ADHD
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Several studies have documented fronto-striatal dysfunction in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using response inhibition tasks. Our objective was to examine functional brain abnormalities among youths and adults with ADHD and to examine the relations between these neurobiological abnormalities and response to stimulant medication. METHOD: A group of concordantly diagnosed ADHD parent-child dyads was compared to a matched sample of normal parent-child dyads. In addition, ADHD dyads were administered double-blind methylphenidate and placebo in a counterbalanced fashion over two consecutive days of testing. Frontostriatal function was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of a go/no-go task. RESULTS: Youths and adults with ADHD showed attenuated activity in fronto-striatal regions. In addition, adults with ADHD appeared to activate non-fronto-striatal regions more than normals. A stimulant medication trial showed that among youths, stimulant medication increased activation in fronto-striatal and cerebellar regions. In adults with ADHD, increases in activation were observed in the striatum and cerebellum, but not in prefrontal regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study extends findings of fronto-striatal dysfunction to adults with ADHD and highlights the importance of frontostriatal and frontocerebellar circuitry in this disorder, providing evidence of an endophenotype for examining the genetics of ADHD.
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fMRI studies in chronically medicated ADHD patients using a go/no-go task found that an acute dose of methylphenidate in medication responders compared with off medication enhanced activation in inferior, medial frontal, and anterior cingulate cortex and striatum.
“Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in chronically medicated ADHD patients using the go/no-go task found that an acute dose of methylphenidate in medication responders compared with off medication enhanced activation in inferior, medial frontal, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and striatum 25, 26.”
From Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
In fMRI studies of children and adults with ADHD, MP's effects on striatal activation during task performance may recruit inhibitory control circuits that differ from those in healthy children.
“in fMRI studies of children with ADHD (Vaidya et al, 1998) and of adults with ADHD (Epstein et al, 2007), MP's effects on striatal activation during performance of a task may recruit inhibitory control circuits that differ from those seen in healthy children.”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Epstein et al, 2007
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- Authors
- Epstein, J. N., Casey, B. J., Tonev, S. T., Davidson, M. C., Reiss, A. L., Garrett, A., Hinshaw, S. P., Greenhill, L. L., Glover, G., Shafritz, K. M., Vitolo, A., Kotler, L. A., Jarrett, M. A., & Spicer, J.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Hofstra University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Jeffery N.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-08-09
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 899-913
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W1832744912
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH064166, R01MH064177, MH064182, K24MH064478, MH064177, R01MH064179, MH064166, R01MH064182, MH064179, MH064176, R01MH064176)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 09784, P41RR009784)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, frontostriatal dysfunction, response inhibition, go/no-go task, methylphenidate, stimulant medication response, cerebellum, parent-child dyads, adult ADHD, endophenotypes, striatum
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Methylphenidate, Parent-Child Relations
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