Anxiogenic effect of subclinical bacterial infection in mice in the absence of overt immune activation
Abstract
Challenge of animals with infectious microorganisms is well documented to affect a number of behavioral measures through activation of immune-neural mechanisms. In the present study, the ability of an infectious microorganism to directly alter behavioral responses in the absence of an overt immunologic response was examined. Eight-week-old CF-1 male mice were infected orally with the Gram-negative pathogen Campylobacter jejuni in order to establish a subclinical infection that did not result in immune activation. Microbiological examination of cecal contents revealed the presence of C. jejuni in all infected, but not control, animals 1 and 2 days post-oral challenge. Measurement of interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and peripheral blood leukocyte populations did not reveal the activation of an overt immune response in 1 or 2 day infected animals as compared to controls. Infected mice demonstrated altered levels of anxiety-like behaviors on the elevated plus-maze as compared to controls on Day 2, but not Day 1, as reflected by a significant decrease in exploratory and an increase in nonexploratory behaviors. The anxiogenic effect of a subclinical infection in the absence of an overt immunologic response suggests that the direct activation of neural pathways by microorganisms may play a role in behavior.
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Microbiota can affect host behavior via the gut-brain axis.
“Landmark studies in the 1990s were the first and demonstrate that bacteria respond to host neuroendocrine signaling molecules (Lyte andErnst, 1992, 1993), including norepinephrine and epinephrine, and that the microbiota can affect host behavior via the gut-brain axis (Lyte et al., 1998).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Lyte et al., 1998
Campylobacter jejuni administration induces anxiety-related behavior without initiating a systemic immune response.
“Campylobacter jejuni administration had previously been shown to induce anxiety-related behavior without initiating a systemic immune response (Lyte et al., 1998).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Lyte et al., 1998
Animal studies showed that low-level infections altered behavior even in the absence of immune activation.
“These findings were also echoed in animal studies where low-level infections altered behavior even in the absence of immune activation (Lyte et al., 1998).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Lyte et al., 1998
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“…Increased anxiety symptoms/behavior Campylobacter jejuni, Citrobacter rodentium, Trichuris muris, high-fat microbiota Bruce-Keller et al. (2015); Lyte, Varcoe, and Bailey (1998); and Stilling, Dinan, and Cryan (2014) Decreased anxiety symptoms/behavior Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp.…”
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“Members of [Ruminococcus] gnavus group could degrade gastrointestinal mucins, which may lead to the breakdown of mucus and thereby increased permeability of the gut (Lyte et al., 1998).”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Lyte, M., Varcoe, J. J., & Bailey, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Minnesota State University, Mankato (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lyte, Mark
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-68
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2012109410
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k02mh001371-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-50431, MH01371, R01MH050431)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- Campylobacter jejuni, anxiety-like behavior, anxiogenic effects, neuroimmune interactions, interleukin-6, peripheral blood leukocytes, elevated plus maze, exploratory behavior, oral infection, Gram-negative bacteria
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Behavior, Animal, Campylobacter Infections, Leukocyte Count, Male, Interleukin-6, Campylobacter jejuni, Lymphocyte Count, Mice, Rats
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