Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation

Bartzokis, G

doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00364-0

Cited by 179Schizophrenia research and treatmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMental Health and Psychiatry

Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation

Bartzokis, G·2002·Neuropsychopharmacology

DOI 10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00364-0

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Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that the temporal extent of brain development/maturation can be expanded into middle age when maximal white matter volume and myelination are reached in frontal lobes and association areas. This temporally expanded view of brain development underlies a more comprehensive conceptual model of schizophrenia that incorporates both the reduction of gray matter volume and the complementary expansion of white matter volume occurring from adolescence until middle age. The model posits that the brain is in a constant state of well-regulated structural and functional change roughly defined as periods of development continuing into middle age followed by degeneration. Multiple genetic and environmental factors can interfere with the developmental processes resulting in a dysregulation of the complementary changes occurring in gray and white matter. This dysregulation in development results in an insufficient capacity to maintain temporal synchrony of widely distributed neural networks and is manifested in the heterogeneity of symptoms and cognitive impairments of schizophrenia. The model highlights the contributory role of myelination to synchronous brain function, provides explanations for inconsistencies in the existing literature, and suggests testable hypotheses and novel approaches for intervention efforts.

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Reduced synaptic connectivity in schizophrenia stems from disturbed adolescent brain development, including myelogenesis and synaptic pruning.
“this reduced synaptic connectivity stems from disturbances of key events of brain development during late adolescence and early adulthood, including myelogenesis (Bartzokis, 2002; Bartzokis et al., 2003; Benes, 1989) and synaptic pruning (Feinberg, 1982; Keshavan et al., 1994; McGlashan and Hoffman, 2000)”
From Perineuronal nets and schizophrenia: The importance of neuronal coatings (2014) · cites this paper as Bartzokis, 2002

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Authors: Bartzokis, G.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Bartzokis, G
Venue: Neuropsychopharmacology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2002-10
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 672-683
ISSN: 0893-133X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00364-0
OpenAlex: W2041713747
Cited by: 179
References: 148
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 6.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r03mh051928-02)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 51928)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords: schizophrenia, brain development, brain maturation, white matter volume, myelination, gray matter volume, frontal lobe, middle age (human life stage), neuronal synchronization, cognitive impairment, symptom heterogeneity, genetic and environmental risk factors, developmental dysregulation
MeSH terms: Brain, Humans, Models, Neurological, Myelin Sheath, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Neural Pathways, Schizophrenia

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Schizophrenia: breakdown in the well-regulated lifelong process of brain development and maturation

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