Investigation of Cortisol Dynamics in Human Sweat Using a Graphene-Based Wireless mHealth System
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SUMMARY Understanding and assessing endocrine response to stress is crucial to human performance analysis, stress-related disorder diagnosis, and mental health monitoring. Current approaches for stress monitoring are largely based on questionnaires, which could be very subjective. To avoid stress-inducing blood sampling and to realize continuous, non-invasive, and real-time stress analysis at the molecular levels, we investigate the dynamics of a stress hormone, cortisol, in human sweat using an integrated wireless sensing device. Highly sensitive, selective, and efficient cortisol sensing is enabled by a flexible sensor array that exploits the exceptional performance of laser-induced graphene for electrochemical sensing. Herein, we report the first cortisol diurnal cycle and the dynamic stress response profile constructed from human sweat. Our pilot study demonstrates a strong empirical correlation between serum and sweat cortisol, revealing exciting opportunities offered by sweat analysis toward non-invasive dynamic stress monitoring via wearable and portable sensing platforms.
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Sweat sensing can monitor patient fatigue and support psychological applications by monitoring stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine.
“In addition to monitoring patient fatigue, sweat sensing can also be used for psychological applications by monitoring the level of stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine.[249,250]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [249]
The Introduction describes sensing cortisol in sweat for stress monitoring, and the Conclusion proposes applications in mental-health monitoring while noting that the study tested only physical stress stimuli. The cited paper does not support monitoring norepinephrine or patient fatigue. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome potential mass-processing technologies are emerging, such as laser-based processing, roll-to-roll printing, inkjet printing, and other technologies for flexible electronics that offer excellent and consistent performance while ensuring fast, low-cost manufacturing.
“To eliminate these issues, some potential mass-processing technologies are emerging, such as laser-based processing,[249,617] roll-to-roll printing,[618,619] inkjet printing,[620] and other technologies for flexible electronics that offer excellent and consistent performance while ensuring fast, low-cost manufacturing.”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [249]
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- Authors
- Torrente-Rodríguez, R. M., Tu, J., Yang, Y., Min, J., Wang, M., Song, Y., Yu, Y., Xu, C., Ye, C., IsHak, W. W., & Gao, W.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Wei
- ORCID
- Venue
- Matter
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 921-937
- ISSN
- 2590-2385 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7138219
- OpenAlex
- W3008874451
- Semantic Scholar
- 4be2786955b7c32db22a3986b9b9516b7b94a49f
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 36
- FWCI
- 19.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Matter (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- National Institutes of Health (5R21NR018271)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Keywords
- cortisol, sweat analysis, stress monitoring, laser-induced graphene, electrochemical sensor, flexible sensor array, wearable sensors, wireless sensing, non-invasive biomonitoring, mobile health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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