The psychobiology of play: Theoretical and methodological perspectives

Panksepp, Jaak; Siviy, Steve; Normansell, Larry

doi:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8

Cited by 469Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorPrimate Behavior and Ecology

The psychobiology of play: Theoretical and methodological perspectives

Panksepp, Jaak, Siviy, Steve, Normansell, Larry·1984·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8

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Abstract

The social play of pairs of juvenile rats can be brought under tight experimental control using social deprivation, and it can be objectively quantified by measurement of pinning behavior. Research and conceptual issues concerning this paired-encounter procedure are summarized, including issues related to measurement, gender differences (and the absence thereof), relations between play and aggression, the regulatory processes interacting with and underlying play, the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrates of play, the functions of play in dominance and other adult behaviors. Existing results suggest the operation of a harmoniously operating brain process which generates a unique emotive brain process that is appropriately referred to as social play. Although the concept of play remains to be adequately defined, the position is advocated that rigorous psychobiological analysis will ultimately provide an empirical definition based upon neural circuit characteristics. Analysis of the underlying circuits may help reveal the manner in which more complex levels of behavioral competence arise ontogenically, and work in the area may yield clues to the genesis of several psychopathologies.

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Play is a behavior common in many young mammalian species, including human children, juvenile monkeys and rats.
“Given that play is a behavior common in many young mammalian species, including human children, juvenile monkeys and rats, we focused our efforts on quantification of play behaviors [53–55].”
From Behavioral Phenotyping of Juvenile Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implications for Preclinical Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders (2016) · cites this paper as [55]
Social play is thought to contribute to the development of brain and behaviour.
“Alongside its pleasurable properties, social play is thought to contribute to the development of brain and behaviour (Panksepp et al. 1984; Graham and Burghardt 2010; Vanderschuren and Trezza 2014; Pellis et al. 2023).”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Panksepp et al. 1984
During the period when the PFC matures (between weaning and early adulthood), young animals display an abundance of social play behavior.
“Importantly, during the period when the PFC matures, i.e., in between weaning and early adulthood (Kolb et al., 2012), young animals display an abundance of an energetic form of social behavior known as social play behavior (Panksepp et al., 1984;Vanderschuren et al., 1997;Pellis and Pellis, 2009).”
From Social Play Behavior Is Critical for the Development of Prefrontal Inhibitory Synapses and Cognitive Flexibility in Rats (2022) · cites this paper as Panksepp et al., 1984

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The Emotional Sources of "Chills" Induced by Music
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Ultrasonic vocalizations as indices of affective states in rats
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“Laughing” rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?
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Anticipation of play elicits high-frequency ultrasonic vocalizations in young rats.
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Social re-orientation and brain development: An expanded and updated view
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Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: An alternative perspective on dose – response based on evolutionary considerations
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Acute Effects of Ethanol on Social Behavior of Adolescent and Adult Rats: Role of Familiarity of the Test Situation
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Anhedonia Following Early-Life Adversity Involves Aberrant Interaction of Reward and Anxiety Circuits and Is Reversed by Partial Silencing of Amygdala Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene
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Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats
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Acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) and social behavior in adolescent and adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats
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Social reward-conditioned place preference: A model revealing an interaction between cocaine and social context rewards in rats
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Cannabinoid and opioid modulation of social play behavior in adolescent rats: Differential behavioral mechanisms
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In search of the neurobiological substrates for social playfulness in mammalian brains
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Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on play fighting in rats: effects of dominance, partner's playfulness, temperament and neonatal exposure to testosterone propionate
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Brain opioids and mother—infant social motivation
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Synergistic interaction between nicotine and social rewards in adolescent male rats
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Effects of morphine and naloxone on play‐rewarded spatial discrimination in juvenile rats
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Prenatal stress feminizes juvenile play patterns in male rats
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Breeding for 50-kHz Positive Affective Vocalization in Rats
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Effects of morphine on different aspects of social play in juvenile rats
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Socially-induced brain ‘fertilization’: play promotes brain derived neurotrophic factor transcription in the amygdala and dorsolateral frontal cortex in juvenile rats
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Developmental analyses of social play behavior in juvenile rats
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Expression of c-fos gene activation during rough and tumble play in juvenile rats
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Contrasting Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Motivational Properties of Social Play Behavior in Rats
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Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Achterberg, E. J. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00021-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The neurobiology of social play behaviour: Past, present and future
Achterberg, E. J. M., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105319 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The neurobiology of social play behavior in rats
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Niesink, R. J. M., & Van Pee, J. M. (1997) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00020-6 · Cited by 559 · see citing works

Authors: Panksepp, J., Siviy, S., & Normansell, L.
Affiliations: Bowling Green State University (US)
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1984-12
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 465-492
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8
OpenAlex: W2149636831
Cited by: 468
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 14.22
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: social play, young rats, social deprivation, dominance, gender differences, behavioral regulation, psychopathology
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Aggression, Animals, Mental Disorders, Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Endorphins, Biological Evolution, Female, Food Deprivation, Humans, Male, Terminology as Topic, Play and Playthings, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, Social Dominance, Rats

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The psychobiology of play: Theoretical and methodological perspectives

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