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A Cognitive Model of Selective Processing in Anxiety
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Several models suggest that anxiety biases attention towards threat-related stimuli by increasing the output from an amygdala-centred threat evaluation system.
“Several models suggest that anxiety biases attention towards threat-related stimuli by increasing the output from an amygdala-centred threat evaluation system”
From Short-term serotonergic but not noradrenergic antidepressant administration reduces attentional vigilance to threat in healthy volunteers (2009) · cites this paper as Mathews and Mackintosh, 1998
Stimuli associated with negative valence have a mandatory and involuntary effect on allocation of covert and overt attention, which cannot be fully controlled in a top-down effortful fashion.
“In short, there is strong evidence for what has been proposed by major theories on emotion processing (Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998; Öhman & Mineka, 2001): stimuli associated with negative valence have a mandatory and involuntary effect on the allocation of covert and overt attention, which cannot be fully controlled in a top-down effortful fashion.”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998
An automatic threat evaluation system (TES) makes people vigilant to potentially threatening information.
“An automatic threat evaluation system (TES) makes people vigilant to potentially threatening information (50).”
From Negative interpretation of ambiguous bodily symptoms among illness-anxious individuals: Exploring the role of developmental and maintenance constructs (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
AB in threat-distractor interference reflects conflict between threat salience-driven and goal-directed processes.
“AB in threat-distractor interference (e.g., [ 5 0 2 _ T D $ D I F F ] on the emotional Stroop task) reflects conflict between threat salience-driven and goal-directed processes [26,30,31,55,59].”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Threat hypersensitivity of automatic salience evaluation and switching in anxiety may trigger inhibition or interruption of task-related activity and switching of attention priorities, impairing task performance.
“Threat hypersensitivity of automatic salience evaluation and switching in anxiety may trigger inhibition/interruption of task-related activity, as well as switching of attention priorities from goal-directed processing to threat salience-driven processing (Figure 2), which impairs task performance”
From Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
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“Involuntary “ bottom-up ” in fl uences Earlier models of emotional processing biases have assumed that attention to threat is promoted directly by anxiety or by hypothetical “ threat evaluation systems ” (e.g. Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998; Mogg & Bradley, 1998).”
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“In short, there is strong evidence for what has been proposed by major theories on emotion processing (Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998; Öhman & Mineka, 2001): stimuli associated with negative valence have a mandatory and involuntary effect on the allocation of covert and overt attention, which cannot be…”
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Memory biases in the anxiety disorders
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Does Imminent Threat Capture and Hold Attention?
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Anxiety impairs decision-making: Psychophysiological evidence from an Iowa Gambling Task
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Phenomenological characteristics of attentional biases towards threat: A critical review
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The Effect of High-Anxiety Situations on Conspiracy Thinking
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Time-course of attention for threatening pictures in high and low trait anxiety
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“…threatening or not threatening), anxiety makes the selection of a threat-related interpretation more likely, potentially because it strengthens the output of our threat-evaluation mechanism and inhibits the influence of pre-frontal control mechanisms (Bishop, 2007; Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998).”
BackgroundThe causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity
Wilson, E. J., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. M. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.103 · Cited by 262
Self-citationBrowning, M., Holmes, E. A., & Harmer, C. J. (2010) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.8 · Cited by 247
The automaticity of emotional Stroop: A meta-analysis
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Attentional bias for threat: Crisis or opportunity?
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Anxiety, Depression, and Decision Making: A Computational Perspective
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Spider fearful individuals attend to threat, then quickly avoid it: Evidence from eye movements.
Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.2.231 · Cited by 231
Wilson, E., & MacLeod, C. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.2.212 · Cited by 230
Attentional bias to angry faces using the dot-probe task? It depends when you look for it
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Anxiety and Threat-Related Attention: Cognitive-Motivational Framework and Treatment
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Using diffusion models to understand clinical disorders
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Motivated Closed‐Mindedness Mediates the Effect of Threat on Political Conservatism
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Attentional biases for angry faces: Relationships to trait anger and anxiety
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Event-related potentials during an emotional Stroop task
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Trait Anxiety Modulates the Neural Efficiency of Inhibitory Control
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Behavioural Assays to Model Cognitive and Affective Dimensions of Depression and Anxiety in Rats
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Speeded Detection and Increased Distraction in Fear of Spiders: Evidence From Eye Movements.
Rinck, M., Reinecke, A., Ellwart, T., Heuer, K., & Becker, E. S. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.2.235 · Cited by 172
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Face processing biases in social anxiety: An electrophysiological study
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Bowler, J. O., Mackintosh, B., Dunn, B. D., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Hoppitt, L. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029932 · Cited by 164
“Cognitive theories (e.g., Beck & Clark, 1997; Mathews & Mackintosh, 1998) suggest that threat-related information-processing biases are an important maintaining factor within the disorder.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of anxiety on the processing of fearful and happy faces: An event-related potential study
Holmes, A., Nielsen, M. K., & Green, S. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.10.003 · Cited by 163
There is more to anger coping than "in" or "out".
Linden, W., Hogan, B. E., Rutledge, T. R., Chawla, A., Lenz, J. W., & Leung, D. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.12 · Cited by 163
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, worry and attention to threat: A systematic review.
Goodwin, H., Yiend, J., & Hirsch, C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.006 · Cited by 137
Charash, M., & McKay, D. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00171-8 · Cited by 169
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Training anxious children to disengage attention from threat: a randomized controlled trial
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Anxiety-Linked Attentional Bias: Is It Reliable?
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Attention to Threat in Anxiety-prone Individuals: Mechanisms Underlying Attentional Bias
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Attentional retraining: A randomized clinical trial for pathological worry
Hazen, R. A., Vasey, M. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.07.004 · Cited by 140
Chronic mild stress for modeling anhedonia
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The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology
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Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder
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Emergent processes in cognitive-emotional interactions
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Time course of attentional bias to emotional scenes in anxiety: Gaze direction and duration
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Assessment of wellbeing in an indoor office environment
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Trait and State Differences in Working Memory Capacity
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Inducing a benign interpretational bias reduces trait anxiety
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Preconscious processing biases predict emotional reactivity to stress
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- ORCID
- Mackintosh, Bundy
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 539-560
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2170408452
- Cited by
- 756
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- anxiety, selective attention, threat processing, attentional bias, interpretation bias, attentional competition, voluntary effort, evolutionary perspective, aversive conditioning, extinction
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