How do emotion and motivation direct executive control?
Open accessAbstract
Emotion and motivation have crucial roles in determining human behavior. Yet, how they interact with cognitive control functions is less understood. Here, the basic elements of a conceptual framework for understanding how they interact are introduced. More broadly, the 'dual competition' framework proposes that emotion and motivation affect both perceptual and executive competition. In particular, the anterior cingulate cortex is hypothesized to be engaged in attentional/effortful control mechanisms and to interact with several other brain structures, including the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, in integrating affectively significant signals with control signals in prefrontal cortex. An implication of the proposal is that emotion and motivation can either enhance or impair behavioral performance depending on how they interact with control functions.
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It is suggested that emotional states, such as anxiety, interact with cognitive functioning through motivation.
“it is suggested that emotional states (e.g., anxiety) interact with cognitive functioning through motivation [75]”
From Prevalence and diagnostic validity of motivational impairments and deficits in visuospatial short-term memory and working memory in ADHD subtypes (2015) · cites this paper as [75]
The State-dependent effects section describes anxiety as an emotional state that can affect executive control. It discusses motivation’s effects on executive function in parallel with threat processing, but does not say that anxiety affects cognition through motivation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is increasing interest in integrating motivation and reinforcement with controlled processing.
“there has been increasing interest in the integration of motivation and reinforcement on the one hand and controlled processing on the other”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2009
Motivation and control must be interwoven rather than functioning as competing processes.
“Evidently, motivation and control must be interwoven (Hazy et al., 2006;Kouneiher et al., 2009;Pessoa, 2009), as opposed to functioning as competing processes.”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2009
Positive affect and emotional arousal interfere with cognitive control (e.g., the increase of interference and distractibility).
“it is well established that positive affect and emotional arousal interfere with cognitive control (e.g., the increase of interference and distractibility78,79)”
From Emotion-related impulsivity moderates the cognitive interference effect of smartphone availability on working memory (2019) · cites this paper as [79]
Automatic evaluation of the affective and motivational significance of stimuli plays a crucial role in anxiety.
“Another bottom-up process, which plays a crucial role in anxiety, is automatic evaluation of the affective and motivational significance of stimuli (Pessoa & Adolphs, 2010;Pessoa, 2009;Vuilleumier & Driver, 2007;Vuilleumier, 2005); the functions of which are discussed later (Section 4.3.1).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2009
The amygdala is well-placed for this role given its extensive connectivity with subcortical and cortical networks involved in perceptual processing, attention, cognitive control and emotional arousal.
“The amygdala is well-placed for this role given its extensive connectivity with subcortical and cortical networks involved in perceptual processing, attention, cognitive control and emotional arousal (Davis & Whalen, 2001;Pessoa, 2009).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2009
The anterior cingulate may play a role in integrating emotion and motivational signals with executive control systems.
“The anterior cingulate, frequently co-activated with the anterior insula (Menon and Uddin, 2010) may play a role in integrating emotion and motivational signals pertaining to contextual salience with executive control systems (Pessoa, 2009) so that adaptive behavioral responses can be formulated and executed.”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2009
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- Authors
- Pessoa, L.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pessoa, Luiz
- ORCID
- Pessoa, Luiz
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 160-166
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2773442
- OpenAlex
- W1977802579
- Cited by
- 1,286
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH071589)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- emotions, motivation, executive function, cognitive control, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, attentional control, effortful control, prefrontal cortex, perceptual competition, affective signals
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Behavior, Brain, Emotions, Humans, Motivation, Problem Solving
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