Cited by 3,270Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceAdvanced Causal Inference TechniquesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects.

McClelland, Gary H., Judd, Charles M.·1993·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376

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Abstract

Although interaction effects are frequently found in experimental studies, field researchers report considerable difficulty in finding theorized moderator effects. Previous discussions of this discrepancy have considered responsible factors including differences in measurement error and use of nonlinear scales. In this article we demonstrate that the differential efficiency of experimental and field tests of interactions is also attributable to the differential residual variances of such interactions once the component main effects have been partialed out. We derive an expression for this residual variance in terms of the joint distribution of the component variables and explore how properties of the distribution affect the efficiency of tests of moderator effects. We show that tests of interactions in field studies will often have less than 20% of the efficiency of optimal experimental tests, and we discuss implications for the design of field studies.

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Authors: McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M.
Affiliations: University of Colorado Boulder (US)
ORCID: McClelland, Gary H.
Judd, Charles M.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 114
Issue: 2
Pages: 376-390
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.376
OpenAlex: W2029079171
Cited by: 3,270
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 144 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 157 · 2015: 144 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 162 · 2012: 162
FWCI: 29.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-45049, R01MH045049)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: interaction effects, moderator effects, statistical power, residual variance, fieldwork, experimental design, measurement error, non-linear scales, joint probability distribution
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Methods, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Bias

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