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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T., Petty, Richard E., Feinstein, Jeffrey A., Jarvis, W. Blair G.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

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“They also reported that these studies confirm that NFC explains the individual’s tendency to engage in effortful cognitive activity and that “individuals high in need for cognition are more likely to seek out, attend to, and think about data that make up their world” (Cacioppo et al., 1996, p. 243).”
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“Concerning sociodemographic variables, previous studies had found a significant positive correlation between NFC and educational level, but no correlation of NFC with age or gender (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“, 1986), generate a higher number of task relevant thoughts (Axsom, Yates, & Chaiken, 1987), and scrutinize material and information (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“If a variable or message results in lowneed-for-cognition participants critically processing a message, it is assumed that the variable itself tends to influence (increase) message processing (see Cacioppo et al., 1996, for a review).”
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“It affects the judgments of individuals who are naturally motivated to be effortful and critical thinkers (i.e., those high in need for cognition; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ) as well as the judgments of individuals who lack such motivation.”
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“Indeed, such relationships of perceived risk and worry may be noted with other informational coping styles including the need for cognition (ie, the degree to which one likes to engage in effortful cognitive tasks; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ) and the health information scale (ie, the degree to which o…”
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“This might have been advantageous for the following reasons: First, according to Cacioppo et al. (1996), NFC is seen as falling along a bipolar continuum with low NFC as ‘the relative absence of a person’s chronic tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities’ (Cacioppo et al.,…”
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“First, to account for variations in participants’ general motivation to systematically process information ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Maheswaran & Chaiken, 1991), participants completed Cacioppo, Petty, and Kao’s (1984) 18-item Need for Cognition scale (α = .87).”
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“In this regard,we remind readers that published replications of the NFC X AQ interaction continue to accumulate (e.g., see Clark & Thiem, 2015) and that both an early (Cacioppo et al., 1996) and more recent (Carpenter, 2015) meta-analysis demonstrated robust support for it in the literature.”
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Manche mögen’s heiß
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“Second, need for cognition (NFC) reflects an intrinsic motivation for cognitive challenges and extensive thinking (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
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Hyperpartisan News Use: Relationships with Partisanship and Cognitive and Affective Involvement
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“While involvement can relate to the ways that individuals process information (e.g., greater or lesser need for cognition) (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Mayer & Tormala, 2010), it also can pertain to mental states evoked by certain types of information (i.e., information that evokes cognitive involvement…”
Background
Prediction under uncertainty: Dissociating sensory from cognitive expectations in highly uncertain musical contexts
Mencke, I., Quiroga‐Martinez, D. R., Omigie, D., Michalareas, G., Schwarzacher, F., Haumann, N. T., Vuust, P., & Brattico, E. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147664 · Cited by 22
Investigating electronic word‐of‐mouth on social media: An eye‐tracking approach
Yu, K. Y. T., Goh, K. H., & Kawasaki, S. (2022) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22099 · Cited by 22
Exploring the Relationship Between Listening Style and Need for Cognition
Worthington, D. L. (2008) · International Journal of Listening · doi:10.1080/10904010701802154 · Cited by 22
“The construct is based on a bipolar continuum with those lower in NC conceptualized as cognitive misers, while those high in NC are described as concentrated cognizers ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
Events als Quelle inszenierter außergewöhnlicher und wertstiftender Konsumerlebnisse – Versuch einer Definition des Eventbegriffes
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Assessing the Stability of Psychological and Political Survey Measures
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Exploring the Role of Self-Confidence, Need-for-Cognition, and the Degree of IT Support on Individual Creativity: Multilevel Analysis Approach
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“NFC may be interpreted as the intrinsic motivation to think and enjoyment of thinking (Cacioppo and Petty 1982; Cacioppo et al. 1996), and the level of NFC varies among individuals.”
BackgroundInfluential
How do servant leaders ignite absorptive capacity? The role of epistemic motivation and organizational support
Rai, R., & Prakash, A. (2016) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.rpto.2016.02.001 · Cited by 36
Dimensionality and Determinants of Self-Reported Cognitive Failures
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“The reliability of the measure has been studied extensively (for a review, see Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996) and Cronbach’s alpha has been consistently high for the measure (0.62 < α’s < 0.92; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
MethodInfluential
Measuring Effects of Technology-Enabled Mirroring Scaffolds on Self-Regulated Learning
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“They are more likely to rely on others, use cognitive heuristics, or social comparison processes to acquire meaning [37].”
Background
Directly and Indirectly Assessed Need for Cognition Differentially Predict Spontaneous and Reflective Information Processing Behavior
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Examining How Residential College Environments Inspire the Life of the Mind
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How to heat up from the cold: Examining the preconditions for (unconscious) mood effects.
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“Although need for cognition has often been shown to be a stable personality trait that one can measure reliably with a personality scale (Cacioppo & Petty, 1981; Cacioppo et al., 1996 ), there are no indications that need for cognition is also (at least to a certain extent) context dependent.”
Background
Retracted
Is it cognitive effort you measure? Comparing three task paradigms to the Need for Cognition scale
Mækelæ, M. J., Klevjer, K., Westbrook, A., Eby, N. S., Eriksen, R., & Pfuhl, G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290177 · Cited by 24
“People who score low on Need for Cognition (cogmisers) tend to use less demanding cognitive processes [25, 58].”
Background
Behavioral Priming 2.0: Enter a Dynamical Systems Perspective
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“These can be any person variables, ranging from the Big Five Personality Traits (Costa andMcCrae, 1992) to more specific constructs such as behavioral inhibition/activation system (Carver and White, 1994) or need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996), implicit attitudes (Greenwald and Banaji, 1995), goals (Little, 198…”
Background
Willingness to work for multinational enterprises from emerging countries: The case of Chinese multinational enterprises in the Netherlands
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Deliberate practice and individual entrepreneurial orientation training retention: a multi-wave field experiment
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“In contrast to the psychological and relatively permanent buffers such as cognitive ability (Cacioppo et al., 1996) in retaining the long-term trained behaviours, we have built on ART to introduce a dynamic active learning approach for deliberate practice in this regard.”
Background
Seeking, mastering, and enjoying cognitive effort: Scrutinizing the role of need for cognition in academic achievement
Lavrijsen, J., Preckel, F., & Verschueren, K. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102363 · Cited by 26

Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T.
Petty, Richard E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 119
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-253
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
OpenAlex: W2023292494
Semantic Scholar: d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
Cited by: 2,517
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 30.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort

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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

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