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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T., Petty, Richard E., Feinstein, Jeffrey A., Jarvis, W. Blair G.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

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“Immense research has been done to find the impact of cognition need in diverse situations for instance memory recall, knowledge and cognitive tests and use of inter [1] (Amichai-Hamburger et al., 2007; [10] Kaynar and Amichai-Hamburger, 2008 ; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“Cacioppo and Petty (1982) describe individuals low in NFC as having a weak tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors (see also Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
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“Conversely, NFC is negatively related to such attributes as authoritarianism, dogmatism, the tendency to oversimplify or distort new information, and closed-mindedness (see Cacioppo et al. 1996, for a review).”
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“Previous research has found Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients between .81 and .91 (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“Moreover, the positive relation between NFC and analogical reasoning in some previous studies has been modest (e.g., Day et al., 2007; Fleischhauer et al., 2010; Hill et al., 2013), suggesting that the effect of NFC may not be as robust as measures such as visuospatial WMC.”
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“The purpose of Study 3 was to use the well-known construct of Need for Cognition (NFC, Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Cacioppo, Petty, & Kao, 1984; Haugtvedt & Petty, 1992; Haugtvedt et al., 1992) to further investigate the effects of the self-persuasion and PD’s measure of persuasion effectiveness.”
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“The effect of need for cognition refers to “ an individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors ” (Cacioppo et al., 1996, p. 197) and is “ a need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways ” (Cohen et al., 1955, p. 291).”
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“Cacioppo et al. (1996) suggest that High_NFC individuals, in comparison to Low_NFC individuals, prefer engaging in complex situations and are more confident and persuasive in championing their ideas.”
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“If an effect had been examined in a published meta-analysis or systematic review, we used the effect size estimates from that analysis (Bond & Smith, 1996; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Hertwig & Chase, 1998; Mullen et al., 1985).”
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“Hypotheses were based on prior research on the processing of persuasive communications, including tobacco-related advertising (Steward, Schneider, Pizarro, & Salovey, 2003; see also Shadel, Niaura, & Abrams, 2001), and on the elaboration likelihood model, from which the constructs of need for cognition and processing…”
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“To measure cognitive complexity, all participants completed the short version of the Need for Cognition Scale (NFC; Cacioppo et al., 1984), an 18-item measure that assesses an individual’s desire for effortful cognitive activities (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“Thus, a dismantling approach was adhered to, investigating the inXuence from aVect, time pressure, and NFC (Cacioppo et al., 1996), on sleep-deprivation decrements during decision making.”
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“The Need for Cognition scale (NFC; Cacioppo et al., 1996) measures a tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities.”
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“…enjoy effortful analytic activity (i.e. be more willing to allocate their cognitive capacity to solving abstract conditional inference tasks; cf. Cacioppo et al., 1996), this could plausibly cause the between-groups differences in the presence of the affirmative premise effect (recall that…”
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“…present study, we aimed to investigate the role of another possible individual-difference predictor of identity development: NFC. NFC is an individual-difference variable (Cacioppo et al., 1996) that grew out of Petty and Cacioppo's (1986) work with the elaboration-likelihood model of persuasion.”
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“A third, albeit less accurate, strategy relies on the correlation between individuals’ levels of NFC and several other demographic variables (for a review see Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“According to their review of more than 100 empirical studies, Cacioppo et al. (1996) found that the need for cognition is positively related to openness to experience (Berzonsky & Sullivan, 1992) and uncertainty orientation (Sorrentino et al., 1988) and is negatively related to tolerance of…”
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“The NFC has good demonstrated reliability and validity ( Cacioppo et al. 1996 ).”
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“Second, intrinsic motivation to seek out and engage in effortful cognitive activity—as assessed by Need for Cognition (Cacioppo et al. 1996)— was also associated with engagement.”
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Influential
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“Regarding the scales measuring the processing of effort, we have identified the subjective need for cognition scale (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo et al., 1996), the mental effort tolerance scale (Dornic et al., 1991), and the preference for and tolerance of the intensity of exercise…”
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“In line with this, some find cognitive effort on its own to be enjoyable and rewarding (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Therriault, Redifer, Lee, & Wang, 2015).”
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“Finally, they tend to engage in effortful cognitive processing (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Petty, Briñol, Loersch, & McCaslin, 2009).”
Background
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“Alternatively, we find no theoretical arguments suggesting thinking dispositions are malleable, with the notable exception that need for cognition correlates with age and education (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Documenting individual differences in the propensity to hold attitudes with certainty.
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“The NFC scale measures individual differences in people’s enjoyment of thinking (see Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Petty, Briñol, Loersch, & McCaslin, 2009).”
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“Need for cognition is defined as an individual’s “tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking” (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982, p. 116), and is better conceptualized as a need toward a person’s desire or inclination for higher-level cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
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Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T.
Petty, Richard E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 119
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-253
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
OpenAlex: W2023292494
Semantic Scholar: d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
Cited by: 2,517
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 30.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort

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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

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