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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.
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“All tests of intelligence or cognitive aptitude are optimal performance assessments, whereas measures of thinking dispositions are often assessed under typical performance conditions (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997;Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996;Norris & Ennis, 1989;Perkins, 1995;Sternberg, 2003;Zeidner & Matthews, 2000).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996
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Self-citationThompson, E. P., Chaiken, S., & Hazlewood, J. D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.987 · Cited by 106
THE ROLE OF AFFECT IN THE ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION
(2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315743974-15 · Cited by 106
A model for assessing the effects of communication on recreationists.
Manfredo, M., & Bright, A. (1991) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.1991.11969840 · Cited by 100
A Study of Riesman's Theory of Social Character
Kassarjian, W. M. (1962) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786125 · Cited by 94
The Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Need for Cognition Scale
Osberg, T. M. (1987) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5103_11 · Cited by 94
Children's causal attributions for success and failure in achievement settings: A meta-analysis.
Whitley, B. E., & Frieze, I. H. (1985) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.77.5.608 · Cited by 93
On measuring (in)dependence of cognitive processes.
Howe, M. L., Rabinowitz, F. M., & Grant, M. J. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.737 · Cited by 92
Dimensions of the Need for Cognition: Subscales and Gender Differences
Tanaka, J. S., Panter, A. T., & Winborne, W. C. (1988) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2301_2 · Cited by 92
Stayman, D. M., & Kardes, F. R. (1992) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(08)80053-8 · Cited by 92
Negative Emotion and Message Processing
Baron, R. A., Logan, H. L., Lilly, J., Inman, M. L., & BRENNAN, M. D. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1994.1009 · Cited by 90
Thinking about strategies during, before, and after making a decision.
Johnson, M. M. S. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.8.2.231 · Cited by 88
Salthouse, T. A., Kausler, D. H., & Saults, J. S. (1988) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.3.1.29 · Cited by 88
Objectivism in Information Utilization: Theory and Measurement
Leary, M. R., Shepperd, J. A., McNeil, M., Jenkins, T. B., & Barnes, B. D. (1986) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_5 · Cited by 88
Kassin, S. M., Reddy, M., & Tulloch, W. F. (1990) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01055788 · Cited by 81
An Examination of the Short Need for Cognition Scale
Sadowski, C. J. (1993) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1993.9915581 · Cited by 78
Verplanken, B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616729101700211 · Cited by 76
Need for Cognition and the Correspondence Bias
D’Agostino, P. R., & Fincher‐Kiefer, R. (1992) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1992.10.2.151 · Cited by 75
Shaffer, D. R., & Hendrick, C. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036678 · Cited by 74
Tolerance for mental effort: self-ratings related to perception, performance and personality.
Dornic, S., Ekehammar, B., & Laaksonen, T. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90118-u · Cited by 74
Attitude accessibility as a moderator of autonomic reactivity during decision making.
Blascovich, J., Ernst, J. M., Tomaka, J., Kelsey, R. M., Salomon, K., & Fázio, R. H. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.165 · Cited by 70
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY OF THE NEED FOR COGNITION SCALE
Sadowski, C. J., & Gülgöz, S. (1992) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.610 · Cited by 68
Need for Cognition, Causal Processing, and Memory for Behavior
Lassiter, G. D., Briggs, M. A., & Slaw, R. D. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291176013 · Cited by 66
Davis, T. L., Severy, L. J., Kraus, S. J., & Whitaker, J. M. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01098.x · Cited by 62
Thought systems, argument quality, and persuasion.
Petty, R. E., & Wegener, D. T. (1991) · doi:10.4324/9781315807409-13 · Cited by 61
Self-citationPersonality Correlates of Confidence in One's Decisions
Wolfe, R. N., & Grosch, J. W. (1990) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00241.x · Cited by 60
Need for Cognition and the Perception of Ongoing Behavior
Lassiter, G. D., Briggs, M. A., & Bowman, R. E. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616729101700206 · Cited by 58
The link between need for cognition and political interest, involvement, and media usage.
Condra, M. B. (1992) · Cited by 56
Prediction of First-Year Graduate Success in Psychology: Peer Ratings
Wiggins, N., Blackburn, M., & Hackman, J. R. (1969) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1969.10883941 · Cited by 54
Hey Buddy, Can You Spare Seventeen Cents? Mindful Persuasion and the Pique Technique1
Santos, M. D., Leve, C. S., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00610.x · Cited by 54
Some Effects of the Need for Cognition on Course Grades
Leone, C. T., & Dalton, C. H. (1988) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1988.67.1.175 · Cited by 54
Construct Validation of a Scale of Academic Curiosity
Vidler, D. C., & Rawan, H. R. (1974) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1974.35.1.263 · Cited by 53
Involvement and need for cognition as moderators of beliefs—attitude—intention consistency
Verplanken, B. (1989) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00853.x · Cited by 51
Dimensions of Social Competence: Personality and Coping Style Correlates
Miller, M. L., Omens, R. S., & Delvadia, R. (1991) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90185-e · Cited by 50
Foundations of Clinical and Counseling Psychology
Todd, J., & Bohart, A. C. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 48
Introspectiveness and adolescent development
Hansell, S., Mechanic, D., & Brondolo, E. N. (1986) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02141733 · Cited by 48
Need For Cognition, Advertisement Viewing Time and Memory For Advertising Stimuli
Peltier, J. W., & Schibrowsky, J. A. (1994) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 47
Zero-Variable Theories and the Psychology of the Explainer
Wicklund, R. A. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3344-2 · Cited by 42
Further Validation of the Short Form of the Need for Cognition Scale
Tolentino, E., Curry, L., & Leak, G. K. (1990) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1990.66.1.321 · Cited by 42
Need for cognition, attitudes, and the 1984 Presidential election
Ahlering, R. F. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90029-8 · Cited by 42
Venkatraman, M. P., Marlino, D., Kardes, F. R., & Sklar, K. B. (1990) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.4220070202 · Cited by 38
Spotts, H. E. (1994) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 36
Individual Differences In Experiment Participation: Structure, Autonomy, and the Time of the Semeste
Roman, R. J., Moskowitz, G. B., Stein, M. I., & Eisenberg, R. F. (1995) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00804.x · Cited by 33
The effects of good moods on systematic processing: ?Willing but not able, or able but not willing??
Smith, S. M., & Shaffer, D. R. (1991) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00995645 · Cited by 32
Need for cognition as a moderator of the primacy effect
Ahlering, R. F., & Parker, L. D. (1989) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90004-4 · Cited by 32
Prior involvement and incentives to pay attention to information
Heslin, R., & Johnson, B. T. (1992) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.4220090304 · Cited by 31
Correlates of Need for Cognition Total and Subscale Scores
Waters, L. K., & Zakrajsek, T. D. (1990) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164490501026 · Cited by 30
The construction and validation of an objective formal reasoning instrument
Burney, G. M. (1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 27
Association of Need for Cognition and Course Performance
Sadowski, C. J., & Gülgöz, S. (1992) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.498 · Cited by 27
Leone, C. T., & Ensley, E. (1986) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90124-8 · Cited by 24
Need for Cognition Related to Time Perception
Baugh, B. T., & Mason, S. E. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.2.540 · Cited by 23
The Student Goals Exploration: Reliability and Concurrent Validity
Stark, J. S., Bentley, R. J., Lowther, M. A., & Shaw, K. M. (1991) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164491512015 · Cited by 20
Need for cognition and the effects of repeated expression on attitude accessibility and extremity
Smith, S. M., Haugtvedt, C. P., & Petty, R. E. (1994) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 19
Self-citationCrowley, A. E., & Hoyer, W. D. (1989) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 17
Furlong, P. R. (1993) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.85.1.171 · Cited by 15
Trait distinctiveness and age specificity in self-referent information processing
Mueller, J. H., & Johnson, W. (1990) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03333980 · Cited by 14
Ratneshwar, S., Mick, D. G., & Reitinger, G. (1990) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 14
REPRESSORS, SENSITIZERS, SOURCE EXPERTISE, AND PERSUASION
DeBono, K. G., & Snyder, A. (1992) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1992.20.4.263 · Cited by 12
Personal relevance of traits and things
Mueller, J. H., Haupt, S. G., & Grove, T. R. (1988) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334909 · Cited by 11
Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (1992) · Cited by 11
Self-citationA Modified Measure of Need for Cognition
Perri, M., & Wolfgang, A. P. (1988) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.955 · Cited by 10
Receivers' Apprehension and Need for Cognition
Buhr, T. A., & Pryor, B. (1988) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.995 · Cited by 9
ADVICE SEEKING OF MOTHERS AS A FUNCTION OF NEED FOR COGNITION
Adams, J. S. (1959) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1959.tb04926.x · Cited by 8
Trait actualization and self-reference effects
Mueller, J. H., & Grove, T. R. (1991) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334754 · Cited by 8
Something to hide? Consent-granting for release of standardized test scores
Dollinger, S. J., & McMorrow, M. A. (1992) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90068-z · Cited by 7
Associations between Daydreaming Style and Information Processing Predispositions
Tanaka, J. S., Panter, A. T., & Winborne, W. C. (1986) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/n068-n19g-959p-43uh · Cited by 7
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 205 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive Reflection and Decision Making
Frederick, S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/089533005775196732 · Cited by 5,256
Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,481
“…for cognition – a dispositional variable reflecting the tendency toward thoughtful analysis and reflective thinking – has been associated with aspects of epistemic and practical rationality (Cacioppo et al. 1996; Kardash & Scholes 1996; Klaczynski et al. 1997; Smith & Levin 1996; Verplanken 1993).”
On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 · Cited by 4,069
Self-citationGawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692 · Cited by 2,756
The brain basis of emotion: a meta-analytic review
Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x11000446 · Cited by 2,320
“University of Geneva, on 20 Oct 2017 at 14:48:49, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. in Cacioppo et al. (1996), Levine and Perlovsky (2008; 2010), Perlovsky (2009b; 2010c), and Perlovsky et al. (2010), and emotions related to creativity…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-253
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2023292494
- Semantic Scholar
- d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
- Cited by
- 2,517
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 30.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort
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