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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T., Petty, Richard E., Feinstein, Jeffrey A., Jarvis, W. Blair G.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

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“To this end, individuals low in NFC tend to avoid thinking and participating cognitive endeavors [2], while those high in NFC take pleasure in reflecting on information and tend to organize, assess, and expand on that information, making them more successful at completing cognitive tasks [3].”
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“Despite these qualifications, due to the far-reaching and well-documented effects of NC across many domains and populations (Cacioppo et al., 1996) we hypothesized that individual differences in NC would, in fact, be pervasive and powerful enough to show relationships with decision-making competence, even among highly…”
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“Cacioppo et al. 1996; Jost et al. 2003; Rathbun 2014.”
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“Cacioppo, Petty, and Kao (1984) designed the 18-item Need for Cognition Scale—Short Form to measure the dispositional tendency of the individual to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity.”
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“Thus, for some tasks, probably most complex or analytical challenging tasks, a facilitating effect of more detailed processing should be more likely than an inhibiting or biasing effect (e.g., Au et al., 2003; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Huber & Seiser, 2001; Langer, 1989b; LeBoeuf & Shafir, 2003; Levin, Huneke, & Jasper,…”
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“Several studies have reported small negative correlations between age and the Need for Cognition scale and small positive correlations between the scale and various cognitive measures (see review in Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“These include specialized motive groups, such as those studied by social psychologists interested in attitudes: e.g., the need for cognition, the tolerance of ambiguity, etc. (e.g., Burger and Cooper 1979; Cacioppo et al. 1996; Singelis et al. 1999; Webster and Kruglanski 1994).”
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“”), and intrinsic motivation for cognitively demanding activities or the need for cognition (13 items from the Need for Cognition inventory; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ; eg, “After finishing a difficult intellectual task, I feel relieved rather than find great satisfaction out of it”); norm-doubt (5 it…”
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“In contrast, a bulk of research evidence reviewed by Cacioppo et al. (1996) indicated that the impact of NFC on reading comprehension cuts across text genres.”
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“(Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
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“MCV is a message counterpart to need for cognition ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
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“However, up to now relations of NFC to well-being have been examined in a more general way (life satisfaction; Coutinho and Woolery, 2004), using variables underlying satisfaction or well-being (e.g., self-esteem; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Bertrams and Dickhäuser, 2012) or regarding different contexts (e.”
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“People who are high in NC tend to engage in effortful thinking with great frequency, whereas those who are low in NC tend to avoid it (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“Another possible indicator for motivation is “need for cognition”, which refers to an individual’s “tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors” (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
Background
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“Teachers also completed the Epistemological Belief Inventory [50], the Need for Cognition Scale [128], and a teacher motivation scale that assessed intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to teach. ree �ndings were of special note.”
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“We predicted that two distinct personality traits would be associated with a greater tendency to utilitarian judgment in emotionally-loaded dilemmas: need for cognition, a motivational tendency to seek effortful cognitive activity (Cacioppo et al., 1996), and psychoticism, a subscale of the Eysenck Personality Questio…”
BackgroundMethod
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“Given the positive relation between NFC and investment of cognitive effort, it is not surprising that NFC is reliably associated with better achievement (see Cacioppo et al., 1996 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“This decision is further supported by the fact that, in existing research, NfC only moderately correlates with formal education (Cacioppo et al., 1996, p. 217).”
BackgroundResult
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“Thinking about Numbers Is Not My Idea of Fun”
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“’’(15) Need for cognition reflects enjoyment of effortful thinking independent of cognitive ability, as seen in relatively small correlations with educational attainment or intelligence.(16) Received 20 March 2014 from Centre for Decision Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (WBDB, SJM, ALT, BS); Department of Eng…”
Background
Assessing the influence of health literacy on health information behaviors: A multi-domain skills-based approach
Suri, V. R., Majid, S., Chang, Y., & Foo, S. S.-B. (2015) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2015.12.017 · Cited by 79
“Thus psychological antecedents such as ‘need for cognition’ [43], and ‘need to evaluate information’ [44], which may shape health information seeking behaviors, must be integrated into further research.”
Background
Getting off to a good start? First-year undergraduate research experiences and student outcomes
Bowman, N. A., & Holmes, J. M. (2017) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-017-0191-4 · Cited by 77
The personality of anthropomorphism: How the need for cognition and the need for closure define attitudes and anthropomorphic attributions toward robots
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Multiple Source Characteristics and Persuasion: Source Inconsistency as a Determinant of Message Scrutiny
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The cognitive processes underlying cultivation effects are a function of whether the judgments are on-line or memory-based
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Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T.
Petty, Richard E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 119
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-253
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
OpenAlex: W2023292494
Semantic Scholar: d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
Cited by: 2,517
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 30.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort

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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

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