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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T., Petty, Richard E., Feinstein, Jeffrey A., Jarvis, W. Blair G.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

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“Specifically, need for cognition positively influenced motivation, which is in line with the definition of need for cognition: the tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“First, although need for cognition is relatively stable (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982), scholars have suggested that it might be changeable to a certain degree, for example, by promoting the feeling of competence and mastery (Cacioppo et al.”
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“The short form of the Need for Cognition Scale (NCS; Cacioppo et al., 1996) was administered in an interview format.”
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“Our hypothesis is that mental synthesis would provide physiological comfort, at least in subjects who are high in their enjoyment of effortful cognitive activity, which in experimental psychology has been formalized by a construct called need for cognition (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
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“After nine items are reverse scored, the responses are summed to yield a total score; higher numbers indicate a greater need for cognition (see Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996, for a review of the psychometric and construct validation evidence for this scale).”
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“There has already been considerable debate about the specific consequences of thinking hard about such complex decisions on evaluations of available alternatives (Cacioppo et al. 1996; Nordgren and Dijksterhuis 2009; Sengupta and Fitzsimons 2000; Tordesillas and Chaiken 1999; Wilson and Schooler 1991).”
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“For example, one is the need for cognition scale (developed by Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ) that measures the tendency to engage in effortful thinking.”
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“Need for cognition (NFC) is defined as the habitual engagement with, and enjoyment of, effortful cognitive activity (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996).”
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“…research argued that the scale is multidimensional and only the dominant (trait) factor is indicative of cognitive motivation (Bors et al. 2006; Cacioppo et al. 1996; Sadowski 1993), we have used the ﬁrst (dominant) factor score as indicator for NFC. Similar with previous studies (for a…”
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“[4] define NFC as “a stable individual difference in people’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity” (p.”
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“Consistent with the observations of Cacioppo et al. (1996), high-NC mock jurors seemed better able to process information methodically and base judgments on rational and empirical information. Highs made logical decisions in their pursuit of a just verdict: When the wiretap was admissible and apparently reliable, the…”
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“…with unspecific slogans, specific slogans provide more information (Davis 1993), and tourists high in need for cognition can make the best use of that information (Cacioppo et al. 1996), and hence their attitudes toward the slogan, the destination, and travel intentions would be more positive.”
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“More recently, research has demonstrated that motives affect the spontaneous activation of out-group stereotypes (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Sinclair & Kunda, 1999).”
Background
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“AQ and Replication Type 7 Like ML3, some work following CPM has continued to use these items to test for the NFC × AQ interaction (see Cacioppo et al., 1996), but other work has used a measure of attitudes toward the issue (e.g., senior…”
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“Only one signiﬁcant association between temporal discounting and the Need for Cognition Scale was obtained with the k -value.”
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“Need for cognition is a well-established individual characteristic manifested in people’s disposition to engage in and enjoy thinking (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Gupta & Harris, 2010; Wood & Swait, 2002).”
Background
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“Moreover, the psychology literature has noted that individuals’ need for cognition, a critical dimension of media literacy (Ashley et al., 2013), varies across life stages (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“In Study 4, the scale was administered to 100 preservice teachers along with measures of CT ability (Facione, Facione, & Giancarlo, 2000), CT disposition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ), and social desirability (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964).”
Method
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“internal locus of control [FDF 86]. Cacioppo et al. have suggested the existence of a relationship between need for cognition and the conscientiousness and openness dimensions of the FiveFactor Model [CPFJ96], but as of this writing, this link has not been experimentally validated. Need for Cognition in Visualization…”
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“Researchers have been investigating if need for cognition is a stable individual trait or a dynamic variable changing over time (Bruinsma & Crutzen, 2018; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
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“In their review of over 100 empirical studies that have investigated need for cognition, Cacioppo et al. (1996) called for further research linking the construct of motivated cognition to important life outcomes.”
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“, the sufficiency principle; Chen and Chaiken 1999). According to Chen and Chaiken (1999) people are ‘economy minded’ and balance between minimizing their effort investment and feeling sufficiently confident.”
Background
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“Within samples of undergraduates, the NCS has been positively associated with the tendency to generate complex attributions for human behavior, verbal ability, engagement in evaluative responding, and college grades (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Elias & Loomis, 2002).”
Background
Neurophysiological Measures of Involuntary and Voluntary Attention Allocation and Dispositional Differences in Need for Cognition
Enge, S., Fleischhauer, M., Brocke, B., & Strobel, A. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167208315556 · Cited by 69
“To examine the link between NFC and effortful processing, a diverse set of measures and procedures has been employed, such as self-reported effort, recall measures, as well as attitudinal and behavioral indicators (for review, see Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Five Factor Model Personality Traits, Jury Selection, and Case Outcomes in Criminal and Civil Cases
Clark, J., Boccaccini, M. T., Arredondo, B. C., & Chaplin, W. F. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854806297555 · Cited by 64
“…2004) or in reviews of juror personality research (e.g., Devine et al., 2001; Greene et al., 2002; Robbennolt et al., 2006), even though the researchers who first identified this construct describe it as a personality trait associated with the Openness factor of the FFM (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
Dissociable effects of game elements on motivation and cognition in a task-switching training in middle childhood
DÃ¶rrenbÃ¤cher, S., MÃ¼ller, P. M., TrÃ¶ger, J., & Kray, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01275 · Cited by 59
“…such as achievement goal orientations (e.g., Meece et al., 2006), self-efficacy beliefs (e.g., Bandura, 1997), the need for cognition (e.g., Cacioppo et al., 1996), interests (e.g., Krapp, 2002), temperament dimensions (e.g., Colom et al., 2007), or habitual patterns of causal outcome…”
Background
The Conditional Nature of High Impact/Good Practices on Student Learning Outcomes
Seifert, T. A., Gillig, B., Hanson, J. M., Pascarella, E. T., & Blaich, C. F. (2014) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1353/jhe.2014.0019 · Cited by 69
A Pre-Post Study on the Appropriateness and Effectiveness of a Web- and Text Messaging-Based Intervention to Reduce Problem Drinking in Emerging Adults
Haug, S., Schaub, M. P., Venzin, V., Meyer, C., John, U., & Gmel, G. E. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2755 · Cited by 63
Personal information management effectiveness of knowledge workers: conceptual development and empirical validation
Hwang, Y., Kettinger, W. J., & Yi, M. Y. (2014) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2014.24 · Cited by 66
“A meta-analysis conducted by Cacioppo et al (1996) shows that need-for-cognition is negatively correlated with communication apprehension and positively with cognitive innovativeness (a desire for new experiences that stimulate thinking), each of which can contribute to PIMM.”
Method
Describing teachers' conceptual ecologies for the nature of science
Southerland, S. A., Johnston, A. T., & Sowell, S. (2006) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.20153 · Cited by 65
“ii. Need for cognition, described by Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, and Jarvis (1996) , assesses the tendency to engage in effortful thinking; iii.”
Background
Individual Differences in Attitude Change
Turnes, P., & Petty, R. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9781410612823.ch14 · Cited by 85
“We noted earlier that individuals can differ in a variety of ways other than the five major factors, though many of the more specific traits may share some variance with the Big five (e.g., need for cognition is related to openness; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Videotaped confessions: Is guilt in the eye of the camera?
Lassiter, G. D., Geers, A. L., Munhall, P. J., Handley, I. M., & Beers, M. J. (2001) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80006-x · Cited by 65
When Motivated Thought Leads to Heightened Bias: High Need for Cognition Can Enhance the Impact of Stereotypes on Memory
Crawford, M. T., & Skowronski, J. J. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672982410005 · Cited by 63
Brand Congruity and Comparative Advertising: When and Why Comparative Advertisements Lead to Greater Elaboration
Priester, J. R., Godek, J., Nayakankuppum, D. J., & Park, K. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1401&2_13 · Cited by 63
“…high in need for cognition elaborate regardless of motivational factors, whereas individuals low in need for cognition elaborate when motivated to do so by variables that influence motivation (e.g., Petty, Fleming, Priester, & Feinstein, 2001; Priester & Petty, 1995; see Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Narrow Focusing: Why the Relative Position of a Good in Its Category Matters More Than It Should
Leclerc, F., Hsee, C. K., & Nunes, J. C. (2005) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1040.0090 · Cited by 61
“Considerable evidence suggests that people high in NFC exert more effort on cognitive tasks than do people low in NFC (see Cacioppo et al. 1996 for a review).”
Background
Positive Creativity and Negative Creativity (and Unintended Consequences)
James, K. E., & Taylor, A. S. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511761225.003 · Cited by 62
How Educational Practices Affect the Development of Life-long Learning Orientations in Traditionally-aged Undergraduate Students
Mayhew, M. J., Wolniak, G. C., & Pascarella, E. T. (2007) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-007-9081-4 · Cited by 62
“It is unclear where Cacioppo et al. (1996) stand on this issue.”
BackgroundInfluential
Intersections of mathematical, cognitive, and aesthetic theories of mind.
PERLOVSKY, L. I. (2010) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0018147 · Cited by 64
Need for Cognition and the process of lie detection
Reinhard, M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.002 · Cited by 68
“Furthermore, they are more likely to be persuaded by strong arguments (e.g., Cacioppo et al., 1983; Priester & Petty, 1995), take greater pleasure in difficult tasks, and show a stronger propensity to search for new information (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
The impact of different types of expert scientific testimony on mock jurors’ liability verdicts
Bornstein, B. H. (2004) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316030001629292 · Cited by 62
“er than relying on intuitive, face valid measures like those used in experiment 1, two measures with known psychometric properties were chosen: Need for Cognition (NFC; Cacioppo et al., 1996) and Preference for Numerical Information (PNI; Viswanathan, 1993).”
Method

Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T.
Petty, Richard E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 119
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-253
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
OpenAlex: W2023292494
Semantic Scholar: d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
Cited by: 2,517
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 30.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort

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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

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