Cited by 2,517Psychological Testing and AssessmentPersonality Traits and PsychologySocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 204 of the 205 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T., Petty, Richard E., Feinstein, Jeffrey A., Jarvis, W. Blair G.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

Cites

204 of 204 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Untitled work
(1975) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 36,737
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1975) · Utility, Probability, and Human Decision Making · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1834-0_8 · Cited by 22,650
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Self-citation
The measurement of psychological androgyny
Bem, S. L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036215 · Cited by 8,522
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335

Show all 205 references

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,004

Sometimes stories sell: When are narrative appeals most likely to work?
Thompson, R., & Haddock, G. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.850 · Cited by 40
Mindful "Vitality in Practice": an intervention to improve the work engagement and energy balance among workers; the development and design of the randomised controlled trial
van Berkel, J., Proper, K. I., Boot, C. R. L., Bongers, P. M., & van der Beek, A. J. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-736 · Cited by 41
“Prognostic factor The need for cognition (prognostic factor) was assessed using the short version of the Need for Cognition Scale [48].”
Don’t Keep It (Too) Simple
Winter, S., Krämer, N. C., Rösner, L., & Neubaum, G. (2014) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x14555872 · Cited by 38
“In this line, research has shown that people with higher NC are typically motivated to reflect on arguments thoroughly and are therefore mainly influenced by the quality of arguments (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996).”
Background
Effects of Message Framing on Self-Report and Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity Across Age and Gender Groups
Li, K., Cheng, S., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2014) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2012-0278 · Cited by 38
A Need for Cognition Scale for Children and Adolescents
Keller, U., Strobel, A., Wollschläger, R., Greiff, S., Martin, R., Vainikainen, M., & Preckel, F. (2016) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000370 · Cited by 38
“Earlier research into the factor structure of NFC mostly supported a single-factor model (cf. Cacioppo et al., 1996), usually on the basis of exploratory factor analysis.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The role of need for cognition in consumers' mental imagery: a study of retail brand's Instagram
Huang, R., & Ha, S. (2020) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/ijrdm-04-2020-0146 · Cited by 38
Passionate Thinkers Feel Better
Bertrams, A., & Dickhäuser, O. (2012) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000081 · Cited by 38
I spy with my little eye: Jurors’ detection of internal validity threats in expert evidence.
McAuliff, B. D., & Duckworth, T. D. (2010) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10979-010-9219-3 · Cited by 38
“Factors shown to affect one’s motivation to process systematically/centrally include personal relevance, personal responsibility, and NC ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Chaiken et al., 1989; Petty et al., 1981).”
Background
The Effect of Individual Difference Variables on Information Sharing in Decision-Making Groups
Henningsen, D. D., & Henningsen, M. L. M. (2004) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/30.4.540 · Cited by 38
Predicting Attitude Extremity: The Interactive Effects of Schema Development and the Need to Evaluate and Their Mediation by Evaluative Integration
Federico, C. M. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204263787 · Cited by 38
“To provide a control for respondents’ general tendency to exert cognitive effort— as opposed to cognitive effort aimed specifically at evaluation—we also included a short-form measure of the need for cognition (Bizer et al., 2003; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Exploring the Mind of Testosterone: A Beeper Study
Dabbs, J. M., Strong, R. K., & Milun, R. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2203 · Cited by 38
Looking in on the Children: Using Developmental Psychology as a Tool for Hypothesis Testing and Model Building in Social Psychology
Pomerantz, E. M., & Newman, L. S. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_2 · Cited by 38
The Impact of Linguistic and Cultural Congruity on Persuasion by Conversational Agents
Yin, L., Bickmore, T., & Cortés, D. E. (2010) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15892-6_36 · Cited by 37
“According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, one of the leading theoretical frameworks in persuasion research, individuals are predisposed to processing messages through one of two routes to persuasion: a central route, where an individual considers a message via effortful, logical thinking, and the peripheral route…”
Background
Study protocol of a Dutch smoking cessation e-health program
Stanczyk, N. E., Bolman, C. A. W., Muris, J. W. M., & de Vries, H. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-847 · Cited by 37
“Several studies suggest that health communication probably needs to be different for LSES populations and suggest an approach with less cognitive effort [17-19] that focuses more on visual than on text information [20].”
BackgroundMethod
The Role of Affective and Cognitive Individual Differences in Social Perception
Aquino, A., Haddock, G., Maio, G. R., Wolf, L. J., & Alparone, F. R. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216643936 · Cited by 37
“Moreover, the experience of competence has long been postulated as a reason for individuals to be high in NFC (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996), and recent evidence indicates that managers high in NFC are more likely to show more competent decision-making (Carnevale, Inbar, & Lerner,…”
Avoiding premature closure and reaching diagnostic accuracy: some key predictive factors
Krupat, E., Wormwood, J. B., Schwartzstein, R. M., & Richards, J. B. (2017) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13382 · Cited by 40
The strong link between fluid intelligence and working memory cannot be explained away by strategy use
Jastrzębski, J., Ciechanowska, I., & Chuderski, A. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.11.002 · Cited by 54
Can you elaborate on that? Addressing participants’ need for cognition in computer-tailored health behavior interventions
Nikoloudakis, I., Crutzen, R., Rebar, A. L., Vandelanotte, C., Quester, P. G., Dry, M. J., Skuse, A., Duncan, M. J., & Short, C. E. (2018) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2018.1525571 · Cited by 37
“This is necessary as processing di ﬀ erences based on NFC are only hypothesised to exist when health promotion materials are perceived as moderately relevant (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluential
Examining the relationship for sport motives, relationship quality, and sport consumption intention
Paek, B., Morse, A. L., Hutchinson, S. R., & Lim, C. H. (2020) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2020.04.003 · Cited by 44
Need for Cognition and its relation to academic achievement in different learning environments
Colling, J., Wollschläger, R., Keller, U., Preckel, F., & Fischbach, A. (2022) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102110 · Cited by 41
Private Self-Consciousness Factors: Relationships With Need for Cognition, Locus of Control, and Obsessive Thinking in Iran and the United States
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., Krauss, S. W., Davison, H. K., & Bing, M. N. (2004) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.144.4.359-372 · Cited by 35
“Osberg (1987) argued that a need for cognition contributes to self-insight and confirmed this expectation in a positive correlation of Private SelfConsciousness with the Need for Cognition Scale.”
MethodInfluential
Self-Complexity and Self-Concept Differentiation – What Have We Been Measuring for the Past 30 Years?
Pilarska, A., & Suchańska, A. (2014) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-014-9285-7 · Cited by 37
“In addition to the identity variables, we also chose to focus on three cognitive variables that are known to promote meaning and integration of self-knowledge: need for cognition (Cacioppo et al. 1996), reflection (Trapnell and Campbell 1999), and integrative self-knowledge (Ghorbani et al. 2008).”
Background
It Takes One to Tango: The Effects of Dyads’ Epistemic Motivation Composition in Negotiation
Velden, F. S. T., Beersma, B., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210383698 · Cited by 37
Using Mixed Methods to Study First-Year College Impact on Liberal Arts Learning Outcomes
Seifert, T. A., Goodman, K., King, P. M., & Magolda, M. B. B. (2010) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689810374960 · Cited by 44
Discerning Store Brand Users From Value Consciousness Consumers: the Role of Prestige Sensitivity and Need For Cognition
Bao, Y., & Mandrik, C. A. (2004) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 37
“A Picture’s Worth a Thousand Words”: Language Use in the Autophotographic Essay
Burke, P. A., & Dollinger, S. J. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271714 · Cited by 41
Validación de la escala de necesidad de cognición y su aplicación al estudio del cambio de actitudes
Falces, C., Briñol, P., Sierra, B., Becerra, A., & Alier, E. (2001) · Psicothema · Cited by 37
Free-lance spiritual seekers: self-growth or compensatory motives?
Buxant, C., Saroglou, V., & Tesser, M. (2010) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674670903334660 · Cited by 36
Unfriending and Muting During Elections: The Antecedents and Consequences of Selective Avoidance on Social Media
Kim, D. H., Jones-Jang, S. M., & Kenski, K. M. (2021) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2021.1942494 · Cited by 36
“Need for cognition is strongly correlated with important attributes, such as information-seeking that are related to accuracy goals (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Dvir-Gvirsman, 2015).”
Background
Feeling happier when paying more: Dysfunctional counterfactual thinking in consumer affect
Yoon, S., & Vargas, P. T. (2010) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20374 · Cited by 36
Can tailoring increase elaboration of health messages delivered via an adaptive educational site on adolescent sexual health and decision making?
Cortese, J., & Lustria, M. L. A. (2012) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.22700 · Cited by 36
“The ELM (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Cacioppo et al., 1986; Cacioppo et al., 1983; Cacioppo et al., 1988) notes that motivation or the “desire to process the message” is a key element in encouraging elaboration.”
Background
Who Thinks How? Social Patterns in Reliance on Automatic and Deliberate Cognition
Brett, G., & Miles, A. (2021) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v8.a6 · Cited by 37
“An experiential/intuitive cognitive style manifests as a greater propensity to “think with your gut” by trusting readily available responses produced by automatic processes (Cacioppo et al. 1996; Epstein et al. 1996; Pennycook et al. 2012; Stanovich 2009, 2011).”
Background
Accountability and Need for Cognition Effects on Contrast, Halo, and Accuracy in Performance Ratings
Palmer, J. K., & Feldman, J. M. (2005) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.3200/jrlp.139.2.119-138 · Cited by 36
“We used the 18-item Need For Cognition Scale (Cacioppo et al., 1996) to measure need for cognition.”
Method
Hate Groups for Dummies: How to Build a Successful Hate-Group
Woolf, L. M., & Hulsizer, M. R. (2004) · Humanity & Society · doi:10.1177/016059760402800105 · Cited by 38
Bounded rationality in contingent valuation: Empirical evidence using cognitive psychology
Frör, O. (2008) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.021 · Cited by 39
“…all perceived information undergoes elaboration to the same extent, the degree of elaboration seems to be determined by a number of factors including personal relevance of the information but also the general cognitive capabilities of an individual (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Petty and Wegener, 1999).”
Background
Social Cognition
Bodenhausen, G. V., Macrae, C. N., & Hugenberg, K. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0511 · Cited by 36
Intelligence and Rationality
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977244.040 · Cited by 77
Does Practice and Knowledge Equal Knowledge and Practice
Lovett, M. C., & Rosenberg‐Lee, M. (2006) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 35
From trait to state: understanding privacy concerns
Taylor, J. F., Ferguson, J. L., & Ellen, P. S. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-07-2014-1078 · Cited by 36
“Need for cognition is the extent to which an engages in and enjoys the process of cognate evaluation (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Carlson et al., 2009; Harris et al., 2005).”
Background
Thinking and Acting in Anticipation: A Review of Research on Proactive Behavior
Huei, W. C., & Sharon, K. P. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2013.00679 · Cited by 42
“First, people high in the need for cognition are more likely to engage in and enjoy situations marked by novelty, complexity, and uncertainty (Cacioppo et al., 1996), which is typically when proactivity is called for, as indicated by Griffin et al. (2007, p.329): “proactivity is important whenever…”
Background
Nostalgic brands as mood boosters
Orth, U. R., & Gal, S. (2012) · Journal of Brand Management · doi:10.1057/bm.2012.1 · Cited by 35
Personality Certainty and Politics: Increasing the Predictive Utility of Individual‐Difference Inventories
Shoots‐Reinhard, B. L., Petty, R. E., DeMarree, K. G., & Rucker, D. D. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12104 · Cited by 35
“The expected results were that NFC would be relatively stable over time because the NFC inventory measures people’s general tendency across situations and environments to engage in more or less thought (see Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Content and person effects in media research: Studying differences in cognitive, emotional, and arousal responses to media content
Fikkers, K. M., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1608257 · Cited by 35
“Need for cognition (NfC) is defined as “ an individual ’ s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors ” (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, Blair, & Jarvis, 1996, p. 197).”
Background
Medien-Priming — Grundlagen, Befunde und Forschungstendenzen
Peter, J. (2002) · Publizistik · doi:10.1007/s11616-002-0002-4 · Cited by 35
Individual Differences in the Ability to Fake on Personality Measures
Raymark, P. H., & Tafero, T. L. (2009) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959280802541039 · Cited by 35
“Need for cognition refers to “an individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors” ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 , p.”
Background
Driving Anger and Metacognition: The Role of Thought Confidence on Anger and Aggressive Driving Intentions
Blankenship, K. L., Nesbit, S. M., & Murray, R. A. (2013) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21484 · Cited by 35
Reducing, Maintaining, or Escalating Uncertainty? The Development and Validation of Four Uncertainty Preference Scales Related to Cancer Information Seeking and Avoidance
Carcioppolo, N., Yang, F., & Yang, Q. (2016) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2016.1184357 · Cited by 35
Self determined motivation for language learning: The role of need for cognition and language learning strategies
McIntosh, C., & Noels, K. A. (2004) · TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt) · doi:10.26083/tuprints-00012467 · Cited by 34
Close games versus blowouts: Optimal challenge reinforces one's intrinsic motivation to win
Meng, L., Pei, G., Zheng, J., & Ma, Q. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.11.001 · Cited by 39
“It was widely reported that the more cognitively effortful or challenging these activities are, the more intrinsically motivating they will be (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Need for Cognition as a moral capacity
Strobel, A., Graß, J., Pohling, R., & Strobel, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.023 · Cited by 46
“…that foster effective and efficient information processing: It is, albeit modestly, positively related to both fluid and crystallized intelligence (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Fleischhauer et al., 2010; Hill et al., 2013) and to personality traits related to goal orientation, behavioral activation,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Figurative Thought and Language
(2017) · Figurative thought and language · doi:10.1075/ftl · Cited by 35
Modeling Motivated Misreports to Sensitive Survey Questions
Böckenholt, U. (2013) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-013-9390-9 · Cited by 34
Are motivational benefits of adequately challenging schoolwork related to students' need for cognition, cognitive ability, or both?
Lavrijsen, J., Preckel, F., Verachtert, P., Vansteenkiste, M., & Verschueren, K. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110558 · Cited by 36
Sensemaking: a complexity perspective
Lynam, T., & Fletcher, C. (2015) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-07410-200165 · Cited by 36
Effects of Goal Framing in Job Advertisements on Organizational Attractiveness 1
Thorsteinson, T. J., & Highhouse, S. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01891.x · Cited by 37
The normal personality: a new way of thinking about people
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-0589 · Cited by 34
Trajectories from academic intrinsic motivation to need for cognition and educational attainment
Gottfried, A. E., Nylund-Gibson, K., Gottfried, A. W., Morovati, D., & Gonzalez, A. M. (2017) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2016.1171199 · Cited by 32
“The preponderance of NFC research has focused on adults and undergraduate students (e.g., Cacioppo et al., 1996; Richardson et al., 2012; von Stumm & Ackerman, 2013), and until now there has been no longitudinal research investigating motivational roots of NFC from childhood through adulthood.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Thinking Matters: The Validity and Political Relevance of Need for Cognition
Sohlberg, J. (2015) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edv023 · Cited by 33
The potential of digital nudging to bridge the gap between environmental attitude and behavior in the usage of smart home applications
Stieglitz, S., Mirbabaie, M., Deubel, A., Braun, L.-M., & Kißmer, T. (2023) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102665 · Cited by 53
Contrastive Explanations That Anticipate Human Misconceptions Can Improve Human Decision-Making Skills
Buçinca, Z., Swaroop, S., Paluch, A. E., Doshi‐Velez, F., & Gajos, K. Z. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713229 · Cited by 62
“00001), with a Holm-Bonferroni post-hoc test revealing that participants in the contrastive after condition felt significantly less related to the AI compared to those in other AI conditions.”
Twenty-Four Poetic Moods: Poetry and Personality in Chinese Aesthetics
Sundararajan, L. (2004) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2004.9651453 · Cited by 33
The Perceived Informational Basis of Attitudes: Implications for Subjective Ambivalence
Tormala, Z. L., & DeSensi, V. L. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207310029 · Cited by 33
“Although NC is a reliable predictor of elaboration, it has limitations in that it reflects an individual difference that is correlated with other factors (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Attributional Complexity and the Camera Perspective Bias in Videotaped Confessions
Lassiter, G. D., Munhall, P. J., Berger, I. P., Weiland, P. E., Handley, I. M., & Geers, A. L. (2005) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2701_3 · Cited by 33
“Need for cognition is associated primarily with differential motivation among people to apply effortful thought processes to a wide range of cognitive challenges (Cacioppo et al., 1996), whereas attributional complexity reflects individual differences specifically with regard to expertise in causal inference (Fletcher…”
One test, five scoring procedures: different ways of approaching the cognitive reflection test
Erceg, N., & Bubić, A. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1278004 · Cited by 35
Ethical consumer decision‐making: The role of need for cognition and affective responses
Yacout, O. M., & Vitell, S. J. (2018) · Business Ethics A European Review · doi:10.1111/beer.12178 · Cited by 33
The Role of Individual Differences in Group and Team Creativity
Coursey, L. E., Paulus, P. B., Williams, B. C., & Kenworthy, J. B. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813238-8.00014-0 · Cited by 33
Individual Differences in Revising (and Maintaining) Accurate and Inaccurate Beliefs About Childhood Vaccinations
Kessler, E. D., Braasch, J. L. G., & Kardash, C. M. (2019) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2019.1596709 · Cited by 33
“For example, educational settings that facilitate cognitive development and enjoyment in thinking and learning may prompt the development of need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Need for cognition and discrepancy detection in the misinformation effect
Leding, J. K., & Antonio, L. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2019.1626400 · Cited by 34
Effects of critical thinking on multiple-document comprehension
Tarchi, C., & Masón, L. (2019) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-019-00426-8 · Cited by 37
Thinking in action: Need for Cognition predicts Self-Control together with Action Orientation
Graß, J., Krieger, F., Paulus, P. C., Greiff, S., Strobel, A., & Strobel, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220282 · Cited by 33
Development and Predictive Validity of the Computational Thinking Disposition Questionnaire
Jong, M. S., Geng, J., Chai, C. S., & Lin, P.-Y. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12114459 · Cited by 33
Intelligence and Personality
DeYoung, C. G. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770422.043 · Cited by 43
Persist or let it go: Do rational entrepreneurs make decisions rationally?
Lin, N., Wilden, R., Chirico, F., Ghasrodashti, E., & DeTienne, D. R. (2022) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106210 · Cited by 37
Need for Cognition, Task Complexity, and Job Satisfaction
Park, H. S., Baker, C., & Lee, D. W. (2008) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)0742-597x(2008)24:2(111 · Cited by 35
Should I follow my feelings? How individual differences in following feelings influence affective well-being, experience, and responsiveness
Gasper, K., & Bramesfeld, K. D. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.10.001 · Cited by 37
Team Creativity in Web Site Design: An Empirical Test of a Systemic Model
Curșeu, P. L. (2010) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400410903579635 · Cited by 33
“They generate more alternative solutions to problems; they possess more knowledge, have better logical reasoning abilities, and have a higher performance in cognitive tasks than individuals low in need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Background
Expert Teachers' Beliefs about Use of Critical-Thinking Activities with High- and Low-Advantage Learners
Torff, B. (2006) · Teacher education quarterly (Claremont, Calif.) · Cited by 33
Heuristics and biases: interactions among numeracy, ability, and reflectiveness predict normative responding
Klaczynski, P. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00665 · Cited by 33
“The 12-item need for cognition scale measured valuation of intellectual challenges, complex thinking, and logical deliberation (see Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
High Cognitive Complexity and the Making of Major Scientific Discoveries
Hollingsworth, J. R. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446215548.n8 · Cited by 33
“They tend to be more intuitive and have a high degree of spontaneity in their thinking, to be individuals who enjoy exploring uncertainty and engaging in highrisk research rather than working in areas which are already well understood (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Suedfeld, 2000).”
Background
Educational Psychology
Ben‐Eliyahu, A., & Zeidner, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.041 · Cited by 33
2000 SPR Award for distinguished contributions to psychophysiology.
Davidson, R. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3910001 · Cited by 32
7. Rationality, Intelligence, and Levels of Analysis in Cognitive Science
Stanovich, K. E. (2017) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300128208-009 · Cited by 33
Strengthening the Persuasive Impact of Fear Appeals: The Role of Action Framing
Ruiter, R. A. C., Kok, G., Verplanken, B., & van Eersel, G. G. (2003) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540309598452 · Cited by 33
Individual Differences in Information Processing
Suedfeld, P., & Tetlock, P. E. (2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470998519.ch13 · Cited by 34
The Influence of Fraternity and Sorority Involvement: A Critical Analysis of Research (1996–2013)
(2014) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.20012 · Cited by 32
Media Richness and Continuance Intention to Online Learning Platforms: The Mediating Role of Social Presence and the Moderating Role of Need for Cognition
Wang, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.950501 · Cited by 32
“Although NFC has not been shown to directly predict continuance intention, Cacioppo et al. (1996) suggested that NFC can influence an individual’s choice and acceptance of external information, and acceptance of the information’s depth and breadth. To avoid the greater cognitive effort required to process information,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metacognitive Effort Regulation across Cultures
Ackerman, R., Binah-Pollak, A., & Lauterman, T. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11090171 · Cited by 34
Evaluating the Message or the Messenger? Implications for Self-Validation in Persuasion
Clark, J. K., Wegener, D. T., Sawicki, V., Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213499238 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Online search stopping behaviors: An investigation of query abandonment and task stopping
Wu, W., & Kelly, D. (2014) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.2014.14505101030 · Cited by 39
Impact of Entrepreneur's Demographic Characteristics and Personal Characteristics on Firm's Performance Under the Mediating Role of Entrepreneur Orientation
Sajilan, S., Hadi, N. U., & Tehseen, S. (2015) · Cited by 32
Processing of product placements and brand persuasiveness
Chan, F. F. Y., Lowe, B., & Petrovici, D. A. (2016) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-03-2015-0051 · Cited by 32
Are extraversion and openness indicators of a slow life history strategy?
Manson, J. H. (2017) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.01.005 · Cited by 33
The population-based longitudinal Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study (CHASRS): Study description and predictors of attrition in older adults.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000036 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Reducing the Service Deficit in M-Commerce: How Service-Technology Fit Can Support Digital Sales of Complex Products
Heinze, J., & Matt, C. (2018) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10864415.2018.1462940 · Cited by 32
“details require significant effort to be fully understood to minimize associated risks) [12].”
Background
Effects of construal level and need for cognition on consumers' responses to temporally framed benefits
Youn, S., & Kim, H. (2019) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1753 · Cited by 32
Consumer stockpiling under the impact of a global disaster: The evolution of affective and cognitive motives
Ahmadi, I., Habel, J., Jia, M., & Wei, S. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.042 · Cited by 34
Challenges to reasoning in forensic science decisions
Spellman, B. A., Eldridge, H., & Bieber, P. (2021) · Forensic Science International Synergy · doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100200 · Cited by 40
“, those high in need for cognition and low in need for cognitive closure [101,108]; see”
Background
Predicting attitudes towards easing COVID-19 restrictions in the United States of America: The role of health concerns, demographic, political, and individual difference factors
Gerace, A., Rigney, G., & Anderson, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263128 · Cited by 32
“Such an approach to thinking is related to lesser dogmatism, decreased likelihood of ignoring or distorting information, and lesser need for predictability, certainty, and structure [63].”
Background
Perceived privacy risk in the Internet of Things: determinants, consequences, and contingencies in the case of connected cars
Koester, N., Cichy, P., Antons, D., & Salge, T. O. (2022) · Electronic Markets · doi:10.1007/s12525-022-00522-6 · Cited by 34
“Against this background it appears plausible, that high levels of need for cognition are associated with being confident about one’s own thoughts and ideas (Wu et al. 2014) as well as with sticking more strongly to the beliefs and attitudes formed (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
Background
In which environments is impulsive behavior adaptive? A cross-discipline review and integration of formal models.
Fenneman, J., Frankenhuis, W. E., & Todd, P. M. (2022) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000375 · Cited by 34

Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T.
Petty, Richard E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 119
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-253
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
OpenAlex: W2023292494
Semantic Scholar: d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
Cited by: 2,517
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 30.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks