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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.
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“All tests of intelligence or cognitive aptitude are optimal performance assessments, whereas measures of thinking dispositions are often assessed under typical performance conditions (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997;Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996;Norris & Ennis, 1989;Perkins, 1995;Sternberg, 2003;Zeidner & Matthews, 2000).”
From The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks (2011) · cites this paper as Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996
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“First, expenditure is critical for career and educational success, economic decision-making, and attitude formation (Cacioppo et al., 1996; von Stumm et al., 2011).”
Source Credibility and Attitude Certainty: A Metacognitive Analysis of Resistance to Persuasion
Tormala, Z. L., & Petty, R. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1404_11 · Cited by 313
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“Although originally conceived of as philosophical problems, Greene, Sommerville, Nystrom, Darley, and Cohen (2001) argued that moral dilemma judgments are influenced by two psychological processes: (a) a relatively affect-laden reaction to the idea of harming a specific individual and (b) a relatively cognitive evalua…”
BackgroundThe Effects of Incomplete Information on Consumer Choice
Kivetz, R., & Simonson, I. (2000) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmkr.37.4.427.18796 · Cited by 296
“Finally, respondents were asked to complete the 18-item (short) version of the NFC scale (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelective Engagement of Cognitive Resources
Hess, T. M. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614527465 · Cited by 320
“For example, Cacioppo et al. (1996) stated that “individuals high in need for cognition are characterized by high intrinsic motivation to exercise their mental faculties” (p.”
BackgroundNeuberg, S. L., Judice, T. N., & West, S. G. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1396 · Cited by 288
Motivational Factors and the Visitor Experience: A Comparison of Three Sites
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“This scale has been thoroughly tested for reliability and validity and its use has been reported extensively in the psychology literature ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein and Jarvis 1996 ).”
MethodThe Effect of Decision Strategy on Deciding to Defer Choice
Dhar, R. (1996) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0771(199612)9:4 · Cited by 158
Intuitive evaluation of likelihood judgment producers: evidence for a confidence heuristic
Price, P. C., & Stone, E. R. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.460 · Cited by 272
“The second individual difference is need for cognition (NFCog), which refers to a general tendency to value and engage in effortful thought (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundAN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DETERRENCE: CHEATING, SELF‐SERVING BIAS, AND IMPULSIVITY*
Nagin, D. S., & Pogarsky, G. (2003) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00985.x · Cited by 279
Reflection as a strategy to enhance task performance after feedback
Anseel, F., Lievens, F., & Schollaert, E. (2009) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.05.003 · Cited by 281
“Individuals low in NFC tend to be influenced by simple and peripheral cues in persuasion settings, whereas individuals high in NFC think more carefully about the substantive information in these settings (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
InfluentialThis Story Is Not for Everyone: Transportability and Narrative Persuasion
Mazzocco, P. J., Green, M. C., Sasota, J. A., & Jones, N. W. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610376600 · Cited by 276
Kokis, J. V., Macpherson, R., Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0965(02)00121-2 · Cited by 274
“This nine-item scale was adapted for children from the 18-item-adult scale described by Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, and Jarvis (1996) .”
Self-Validation of Cognitive Responses to Advertisements
Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Tormala, Z. L. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/380289 · Cited by 272
“Considerable prior research (e.g., Haugtvedt, Petty, and Cacioppo 1992) has shown that high need for cognition individuals engage in more extensive message processing than low need for cognition individuals (see Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Role of Epistemic Emotions in Personal Epistemology and Self-Regulated Learning
Muis, K. R., Chevrier, M., & Singh, C. A. (2018) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2017.1421465 · Cited by 314
The development and psychometric validation of a Critical Thinking Disposition Scale
Sosu, E. M. (2013) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2012.09.002 · Cited by 324
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The Cognitive Revolution and the Political Psychology of Elite Decision Making
Hafner-Burton, E. M., Hughes, D. A., & Victor, D. G. (2012) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592713001084 · Cited by 276
“54 Cacioppo et al. 1996.”
The Role of Selective Information Processing in Price-Quality Inference: Table 1
Kardes, F. R., Cronley, M. L., Kellaris, J. J., & Posavac, S. S. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/422115 · Cited by 260
“Concern about closure differs from involvement and the need for cognition (Cacioppo et al. 1996). More elaborative, effortful processing occurs as involvement or as the need for cognition increases. However, attaining closure can require either limited or extensive processing. When closure can be attained easily, proc…”
BackgroundFriese, M., Hofmann, W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802556958 · Cited by 270
“NFC is the dispositional motivation to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive processing (for an overview, see Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
BackgroundSource factors in persuasion: A self-validation approach
Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2009) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802643640 · Cited by 243
“NC refers to the tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful thought (for reviews, see Cacioppo et al., 1996: Petty, Briñol, Loersch, & McCaslin, in press).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTuten, T. L., & Bošnjak, M. (2001) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2001.29.4.391 · Cited by 249
Cognitive Ability and Variation in Selection Task Performance
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1998) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/135467898394139 · Cited by 249
“This assumption is supported by the empirically demonstrated connection between cognitive ability and the tendency to engage in analytic processing (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
BackgroundIntellect as distinct from openness: Differences revealed by fMRI of working memory.
DeYoung, C. G., Shamosh, N. A., Green, A. E., Braver, T. S., & Gray, J. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016615 · Cited by 261
Levin, I. P., & Hart, S. S. (2003) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.453 · Cited by 264
Is the cognitive reflection test a measure of both reflection and intuition?
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0576-1 · Cited by 281
“Moreover, both scales have been used to predict (differentially, in some cases) a wide range of psychological measures (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Epstein et al., 1996; Pacini & Epstein, 1999), similar to the recent uses of the CRT.”
MethodPennycook, G., Ross, R. M., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1242-7 · Cited by 287
“Although the NC scale has been used in hundreds of studies (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Petty et al., 2009), research on self-report thinking disposition faces a dilemma: People who are genuinely unwilling to engage analytic thinking may not be well suited to estimate their degree of NC. Indeed, there is evidence that high…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCaprara, G. V., & Cervone, D. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511812767.006 · Cited by 244
Fostering Team Innovation: Why Is It Important to Combine Opposing Action Strategies?
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“nitive endeavors) (Cacioppo et al. 1996) and/or a lower”
Links between intellectual humility and acquiring knowledge
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“Experiment 3 provides a test of this hypothesis by examining the moderating impact of an individual-specific antecedent of elaboration, the need for cognition (NFC; Cacioppo and Petty 1982; Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
BackgroundWhy Stakeholders Ignore Firm Misconduct
Barnett, M. L. (2012) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311433854 · Cited by 235
Psychological Escapism: Predicting the Amount of Television Viewing by Need for Cognition
Henning, B., & Vorderer, P. (2001) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02874.x · Cited by 228
“Indeed, need for cognition is significantly related to intellectual ability indexes such as verbal intelligence, American College Testing scores, and high schoolcollege grade point averages (for an overview of relationships between need for cognition and other individual differences from over 100 empirical studies see…”
BackgroundInfluentialKaufman, S. B. (2013) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.33 · Cited by 229
Cognitive style and religiosity: The role of conflict detection
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2013) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-013-0340-7 · Cited by 249
“Experiment 2 Experiment 1 (E1) revealed a negative relation between conflict detection during reasoning and prevalence of general religious belief.”
BackgroundMethodIndividual Differences in Framing and Conjunction Effects
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1998) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/135467898394094 · Cited by 235
“Consistent with this individual differences prediction, Smith and Levin (1996) have found that two different framing effects (one analogous to the Disease Problem) were smaller among individuals higher in need for cognition—a dispositional variable associated with thoughtful analysis, deep reflection, and greater info…”
BackgroundAnderson, M. H. (2007) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.459 · Cited by 229
The cheater’s high: The unexpected affective benefits of unethical behavior.
Ruedy, N. E., Moore, C., Gino, F., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034231 · Cited by 234
“It is not unusual for people to enjoy engaging in effortful cognitive endeavors (Cacioppo et al., 1996), and succeeding in a challenging task may engender a sense of pride, even if the behavior itself might otherwise be a source of shame.”
The Theory of Effort Minimization in Physical Activity
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Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Barden, J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.711 · Cited by 223
“Prior research has shown that individuals high in NC tend to form attitudes on the basis of a careful analysis of the quality of the relevant information in a persuasive message, whereas people low in NC tend to be more reliant on simple peripheral cues in the persuasion context (see Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarv…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSources of group and individual differences in emerging fraction skills.
Hecht, S. A., & Vagi, K. J. (2010) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019824 · Cited by 220
Simon, F. L., & Usunier, J. (2007) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2006.11.004 · Cited by 215
“…engagements with employees, the experiential system combines “concrete exemplars into meaningful wholes by arranging them in a form that 1 The CEST is partially grounded in the concept of need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo et al., 1996) with regard to the rational thinking style.”
BackgroundEpistemic curiosity and related constructs: Lacking evidence of discriminant validity
Mussel, P. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.014 · Cited by 218
“Need for cognition was first introduced by Cacioppo and Petty (1982) and was defined as ‘‘an individual’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effort-ful cognitive activity” (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996, p. 197).”
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1999) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1998.0700 · Cited by 228
“, 1993) and one on the thinking disposition of need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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Devine, D. J. (2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4115 · Cited by 213
Wood, S. L., & Swait́, J. (2002) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1201_01 · Cited by 206
O’Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2008) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510970701849388 · Cited by 204
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“…high in need for cognition are more responsive to differences in argument quality than are individuals low in need for cognition because of the enhanced scrutiny paid to the messages by those high in need for cognition (see Cacioppo et al., 1996; Petty, Cacioppo, Strathman, & Priester, 2005).”
BackgroundEase of Retrieval Effects in Persuasion: A Self-Validation Analysis
Tormala, Z. L., Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702237651 · Cited by 201
Self-citationThe Self-Talk Scale: Development, Factor Analysis, and Validation
Brinthaupt, T. M., Hein, M. B., & Kramer, T. E. (2008) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890802484498 · Cited by 220
“Studies of the construct validity of the scale have shown it to be positively related to intelligence, self-esteem, absorption, and private self-consciousness (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundDevelopment of a scale to measure lifelong learning
Kirby, J. R., Knapper, C. K., Lamon, P., & Egnatoff, W. J. (2010) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601371003700584 · Cited by 197
“Evans and colleagues (2003) showed that the deep approach to learning was related to the personality dimension of need for cognition (Cacioppo et al. 1996), and to strategic flexibility in learning (Cantwell and Moore 1996), both of which should be relevant for lifelong learning.”
BackgroundCognitive ability, thinking dispositions, and instructional set as predictors of critical thinking
Macpherson, R., & Stanovich, K. E. (2007) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.05.003 · Cited by 196
“The 18 item need for cognition scale published by Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, and Jarvis (1996) was employed in this study.”
Method11. The role of metacognition in social judgment
Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., Tormala, Z. L., & Wegener, D. T. (2007) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 193
Self-citationA model of consumer web navigational behavior: conceptual development and application
Richard, M., & Chandra, R. (2004) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2004.04.001 · Cited by 194
“A large literature has emerged on individual differences in NFC in fields ranging from social, developmental, and cognitive psychology to behavioral medicine, education, journalism, marketing, and law (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
BackgroundThe stability of individual response styles.
Weijters, B., Geuens, M., & Schillewaert, N. (2010) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0018721 · Cited by 207
“Individuals in a promotion n nd enjoy effortful cognitive activity” (Cacioppo et al., 1996, p. 198) and has f l be to certain o link as pointed out by Van herk, Poortinga, & Verhallen, 2004). focus are eager to approach ideals, hopes and wishes, whereas individuals in a preventio focus are more…”
BackgroundNeed for Uniqueness, Need for Cognition, and Creativity
Dollinger, S. J. (2003) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2003.tb00828.x · Cited by 190
Intelligence in the Wild: A Dispositional View of Intellectual Traits
Perkins, D., Tishman, S., Ritchhart, R., Donis, K., & Andrade, A. P. D. (2000) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009031605464 · Cited by 189
“Used in more than 100 empirical studies ( Cacioppo et al., 1996 ), the”
BackgroundExploring the Intersection of Science Education and 21st Century Skills: A Workshop Summary
Hilton, M. L. (2010) · Cited by 188
The Psychology of Fatigue: Work, Effort and Control
Hockey, R. J. (2013) · Cited by 187
Target-Specific Stigma Change: A Strategy for Impacting Mental Illness Stigma.
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The effects of an engaged lifestyle on cognitive vitality: A field experiment.
Stine‐Morrow, E. A. L., Parisi, J. M., Morrow, D. G., & Park, D. C. (2008) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014341 · Cited by 194
The complexity of developmental predictions from dual process models
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Toplak, M. E. (2011) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.003 · Cited by 202
“This third cognitive requirement—the tendency of the reflective mind to override the autonomous mind—is only mildly correlated with algorithmic-level cognitive capacity (Ackerman & Heggestad, 1997; Bates & Shieles, 2003; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Fleischhauer et al., 2010; Noftle & Robins, 2007).”
BackgroundBråten, I., Anmarkrud, Ø., Brandmo, C., & Strømsø, H. I. (2013) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.11.002 · Cited by 186
Motivated Reasoning and Public Opinion Perception
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Kumar, J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-021-00302-w · Cited by 183
“The need for cognition also indicates positive acceptance towards problem-solving (Cacioppo et al., 1996), enjoyment (Park et al., 2008), and it is critical for teamwork, as it fosters team performance and information-processing motivation (Kearney et al., 2009).”
BackgroundRucker, D., & Petty, R. (2006) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.25.1.39 · Cited by 194
Self-citationPadgett, R. D., Johnson, M. P., & Pascarella, E. T. (2012) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2012.0032 · Cited by 210
“engage in purposeful cognitive activities ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
Trait entitlement: A cognitive-personality source of vulnerability to psychological distress.
Grubbs, J. B., & Exline, J. J. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000063 · Cited by 180
“Think” Versus “Feel” Framing Effects in Persuasion
Mayer, N. D., & Tormala, Z. L. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210362981 · Cited by 179
Game‐based learning engagement: A theory‐ and data‐driven exploration
Ke, F., Xie, K., & Xie, Y. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12314 · Cited by 226
“A concept closely associated with cognitive engagement is need for cognition , which is usually described as a dispositional difference reflecting an individual’s tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking or effortful cognitive endeavors (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996).”
BackgroundEuropean consumers’ use of and trust in information sources about fish
Pieniak, Z., Verbeke, W., Scholderer, J., Brunsø, K., & Olsen, S. O. (2007) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2007.05.001 · Cited by 177
Beyond Attention Effects: Modeling the Persuasive and Emotional Effects of Advertising Creativity
Yang, X., & Smith, R. E. (2009) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.1080.0460 · Cited by 186
“, “I prefer to do something that challenges my thinking abilities rather than something that requires little thought,” and “I prefer complex to simple problems”; = 0 63) (Cacioppo et al. 1996).”
BackgroundMethodPersuasion and Attitude Change
Petty, R. E., Wheeler, S. C., & Tormala, Z. L. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0515 · Cited by 178
Self-citationApproaches to learning, need for cognition, and strategic flexibility among university students.
Evans, C. J., Kirby, J. R., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2003) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709903322591217 · Cited by 174
Sinatra, G. M., Kardash, C. M., Taasoobshirazi, G., & Lombardi, D. (2011) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-011-9166-5 · Cited by 175
“However, research has demonstrated that carefully crafted persuasive text can promote both conceptual change and attitude change (Alexander et al. 1997; Chambliss 1995; Hynd 2003; Kardash and Scholes 1995).”
BackgroundThe role of analytic thinking in moral judgements and values
Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2014) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2013.865000 · Cited by 170
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034910 · Cited by 170
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“Motivation Self-Efficacy, Task Value, Achievement Goals, Need for Cognition, Effort Regulation, Control of Learning Beliefs, Theories of Intelligence H3.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBenefitting InfoVis with Visual Difficulties
Hullman, J., Adar, E., & Shah, P. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2011.175 · Cited by 159
“Need for cognition describes individuals’ tendencies to differ in the degree to which they seek out and enjoy difficult mental work (see [12] for a review).”
BackgroundHooked: How Politics Captures People's Interest
Prior, M. (2019) · Cited by 166
Social Engineering in Cybersecurity: Effect Mechanisms, Human Vulnerabilities and Attack Methods
Wang, Z., Zhu, H., & Sun, L. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3051633 · Cited by 213
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“However, trait differences may be more evident when stimuli complexity is at a medium rather than an extreme level ( Cacioppo et al., 1996 ).”
BackgroundSocial Identity Complexity: Its Correlates and Antecedents
Miller, K. P., Brewer, M. B., & Arbuckle, N. L. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430208098778 · Cited by 163
Stanovich, K. E. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734689.013.0022 · Cited by 169
Time and Punishment: Delayed Consequences and Criminal Behavior
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“Psychological research on ‘‘need for cognition’’ establishes that beyond the capacity for high level cognitive functioning, there are also ‘‘stable individual differences in people’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity’’ ( Cacioppo et al., 1996: 197).”
BackgroundAssessing Rational and Intuitive Thinking Styles
Witteman, C. L. M., van den Bercken, J., Claes, L., & Godoy, A. (2009) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759.25.1.39 · Cited by 161
The Need for Orientation Towards News Media: Revising and Validating a Classic Concept
Matthes, J. (2005) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edh118 · Cited by 144
“Considering that individuals high in need for cognition are thought to be more likely to expend effort on information acquisition (Cacioppo et al., 1996), it can be assumed that high need for cognition people also exhibit a stronger NFO towards the news media.”
BackgroundGürsoy, D. (2018) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.003 · Cited by 181
Cafri, G., Kromrey, J. D., & Brannick, M. T. (2010) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171003680187 · Cited by 156
Emotions about Teaching about Human-Induced Climate Change
Lombardi, D., & Sinatra, G. M. (2012) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2012.738372 · Cited by 159
“Cacioppo et al. (1996) said, ‘individuals high in need for cognition are more likely to engage in the cognitive effort necessary to correct their judgments’ when personal biases are detected (p. 238).”
BackgroundCurșeu, P. L., & Pluut, H. (2011) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2011.565122 · Cited by 157
Littlemore, J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108241441 · Cited by 169
On the failure of cognitive ability to predict myside and one-sided thinking biases
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2008) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546780701679764 · Cited by 168
“FAILURE TO PREDICT THINKING BIASES 149 Second, in Experiment 3 we examined additional individual difference variables—specifically, measures of two thinking dispositions: need for cognition (Cacioppo et al., 1996) and actively open-minded thinking (Stanovich & West, 1997, 2007).”
BackgroundMethodA Short Measure of the Need for Affect
Appel, M., Gnambs, T., & Maio, G. R. (2012) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.666921 · Cited by 152
Xu, P., & Cheng, J. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110706 · Cited by 149
“They are also more willing to invest cognitive effort to solve demanding tasks, and employ an elaborated information processing style instead of a heuristic processing style (Cacioppo,1996; Verplanken et al., 1992).”
Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., & Williams, D. C. (2004) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02632.x · Cited by 151
“Petty and his colleagues discussed a general orientation they labeled “need for cognition,” which measures individuals’ motivation to learn new things, think, and question the world around them ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
BackgroundExploring the Concept and Measurement of General Risk Aversion
Mandrik, C. A., & Bao, Y. (2005) · ACR North American Advances · Cited by 150
Furnham, A. F., & Thorne, J. D. (2013) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000119 · Cited by 149
“Indeed, although factor analysis of both the original 34-item Need for Cognition Scale (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) and the abbreviated “efficient” 18-item short-form scale (Cacioppo, Petty, & Kao, 1984) tends to show a single dominant factor accounting for about 37% of the variance (Cacioppo et al., 1996), various studie…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 197-253
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2023292494
- Semantic Scholar
- d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
- Cited by
- 2,517
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 30.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort
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