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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

Cacioppo, John T., Petty, Richard E., Feinstein, Jeffrey A., Jarvis, W. Blair G.·1996·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197

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“Need for cognition was established as a measure of motivation toward cognitive tasks and reflects cognitive motivation rather than cognitive skill (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“One measure developed by social psychologists to identify such individuals is the Need for Cognition Scale ( Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ).”
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“Individuals high in NC tend to have better recall of information to which they have been exposed, be more attuned to the quality of information, be less responsive to peripheral message cues and generate more thoughts about issues presented in messages (see Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 for a detailed rev…”
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The Influence of Need for Closure on Learning and Teaching
DeBacker, T. K., & Crowson, H. M. (2009) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-009-9111-1 · Cited by 49
“Subsequently, need for cognition has been widely investigated and found to be related to a number of variables that may influence school learning (see Cacioppo et al. 1996 for a review), such as problem solving ability (Heppner et al. 1983), cognitive innovativeness (Venkatraman et al. 1990; Venkatraman and Price 1990…”
Background
The impact of disfluency, pacing, and students’ need for cognition on learning with multimedia
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“85), and additional evidence of construct validity has been provided by Cacioppo et al. (1996).”
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“Cacioppo et al. (1996) categorise it as a personality variable.”
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Individual differences in adolescents’ willingness to invest cognitive effort: Relation to need for cognition, motivation and cognitive capacity
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“Those who process information deeply also score highly on verbal intelligence scales (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996) and gain more knowledge from news-paper use — a primarily textual medium (Liu & Eveland, 2005).”
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“As an alternative to the big five or Eysenck’s (1990) big three, Cacioppo et al. (1996) suggest Epstein’s (1994) framework for organizing personality.”
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“High-NFC consumers have “active, exploring minds and, through their senses and intellect, reach and draw out information from their environment” (Cacioppo et al., 1996, p. 199).”
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“We found that NC, a factor related to intrinsic motivation to think about problems (Cacioppo et al., 1996), correlated with flexibility and polarization when no objectives were presented, but was uncorrelated with those factors when objectives were presented as a solution elicitation aid.”
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“Moreover, the concept of need for cognition denotes dispositional differences in cognitive motivation, and reflects an intrinsic desire to engage in, and enjoy effortful mental endeavours (Cacioppo et al., 1996; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982).”
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“Their measure was an 18-item scale developed by Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, and Jarvis 1996 .”
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“‘ [I]ndividuals high in need for cognition are thought to be more likely to expend effort on information acquisition, reasoning, and problem solving to cope with a wide variety of predicaments in their world ’ (Cacioppo et al. 1996, 199).”
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“These cognitive factors, termed need for structure (Neuberg and Newsom, 1993), need for cognition (Cacioppo and Petty, 1982; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, and Jarvis, 1996 ), and need for closure (Kruglanski, 1989) are central to cognitive models and can be incorporated (both as direct influences and intervening mechani…”
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Background
The role of meta-cognitive processes in emotional intelligence.
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Self-citation
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Method
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“Need for cognition describes an individual’s tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities, and it has been diversely deﬁned as “a need to structure relevant situations in meaningful, integrated ways” and “a need to understand and make reasonable the experiential world” [35,36].”
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“Or, nous avons vu plus haut que la motivation prédit la réussite universitaire (Cacioppo et al., 1996 ; Gruel, 2002).”
Background
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“In the psychology literature, the willingness to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive endeavors is defined as the NFC (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Cacioppo, Petty, & Kao, 1984; Peltier & Schibrowsky, 1994).”
Background
A longitudinal study on the stability of the need for cognition
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“, 2014), problem solving (Cacioppo et al., 1996), and the use of more advanced strategies for learning (Cazan & Indreica, 2014).”
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“It is thought to develop from previous experiences with effortful cognition and the self-satisfaction and increased self-efficacy that stem from successful problem solving (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“, an attractive or eminent public figure or a credible authority) and the ease with which the argument can be processed (e.g., pictorial vs. verbal presentation; Cacioppo et al., 1996; Cacioppo et al., 1986).”
Background
Cognitive motivation and religious orientation
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Younger adults show long-term effects of cognitive training on broad cognitive abilities over 2 years.
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“Similarly, increased cognitive capacities might lead to an increased need for cognition (Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996) or openness to experience (Jackson, Hill, Payne, Roberts, & Stine-Morrow, 2012) that makes participants seek and face cognitive challenges in their lives.”
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Reasoning of State
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“Drawing on insights from Dewey ([1922] 2002, 1933) and social and psychological research on dual-processes models (Cacioppo et al. 1996; Epstein et al. 1996; Frederick 2005), I suggest that individuals develop “habits of mind” or “thinking dispositions” that account for why some people are more…”
BackgroundInfluential
How funny was that? Uncovering humor mechanisms
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“Need for cognition and need to evaluate are two important individual-difference concepts in social psychology and political science (Bizer et al., 2000; Bizer et al., 2004; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo et al., 1996), yet they have not received much attention from communication researchers.”
Background
Children’s skepticism: Developmental and individual differences in children’s ability to detect and explain distorted claims
Mills, C. M., & Elashi, F. B. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.015 · Cited by 40
“…to explore NFC with this age group, and given that adults with higher NFC tend to perform better on a number of different aspects of critical thinking and source evaluation tasks than those with lower NFC (Cacioppo et al., 1996), we believe that this construct is worthy of further exploration.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Achievement-relevant personality: Relations with the Big Five and validation of an efficient instrument
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“In order to control for respondents’ general tendency to process information thoroughly, a short form of the need for cognition was included as well (Bizer et al., 2004; Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
Emoticons' influence on advice taking
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“Less knowledgeable individuals tend to focus on ad appearance when assessing advertisements [12, 14, 49].”
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“In contrast, Need for Cognition (NFC; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996 ) is a relatively stable intrinsic motivational factor reflecting enjoyment associated with engaging in cognitively demanding activities.”
Background
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“Need for Cognition (NC) is a theoretical construct introduced by Cacioppo and Petty (1982) as a dispositional motivation to seek out intellectual challenge (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986).”
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“The reliability of the NCS ranges from .83 to .91 in samples of undergraduate students (Cacioppo et al., 1996).”
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“Study 2 corroborates previous intrapersonal research suggesting that high-NCs are more resistant to persuasive attempts than are low-NCs (for a good discussion of this issue, see Cacioppo et al., 1996 ).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Motivational correlates of need for cognition
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“We also attempted to identify a possible limit on the videotaped-confession bias by demonstrating that high-need-for-cognition individuals (i.e., those who are inclined to process information carefully and thoroughly; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Cacioppo, Petty, Feinstein, & Jarvis, 1996; Lassiter, Briggs, & Bowman, 1991;…”
Background

Authors: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Feinstein, J. A., & Jarvis, W. B. G.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
ORCID: Cacioppo, John T.
Petty, Richard E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-03
Volume: 119
Issue: 2
Pages: 197-253
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.119.2.197
OpenAlex: W2023292494
Semantic Scholar: d13228e21efe9e9e7dac888d5b41e0d705f924df
Cited by: 2,517
References: 205
Citations by year: 2026: 78 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 115 · 2012: 129
FWCI: 30.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: need for cognition, cognitive motivation, individual differences, personality traits, cognitive effort

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Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals varying in need for cognition.

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