The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research.
Abstract
Abstract This article reviews studies that have tried to confirm empirically the effects of child sexual abuse cited in the clinical literature. In regard to initial effects, empirical studies have indicated reactions-in at least some portion of the victim population-of fear, anxiety, depression, anger and hostility, aggression, and sexually inappropriate behavior. Frequently reported long-term effects include depression and self-destructive behavior, anxiety, feelings of isolation and stigma, poor self-esteem, difficulty in trusting others, a tendency toward revictimization, substance abuse, and sexual maladjustment. The kinds of abuse that appear to be most damaging, according to the empirical studies, are experiences involving father figures, genital contact, and force. The controversy over the impact of child sexual abuse is discussed, and recommendations for future research efforts are suggested.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30118-4 · Cited by 5,255
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349 · Cited by 3,387
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152 · Cited by 3,595
Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164 · Cited by 2,537
Self-citationComplex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma
Herman, J. L. (1992) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490050305 · Cited by 2,609
The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization.
Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb02703.x · Cited by 1,891
Self-citationvan der Kolk, B. A. (2005) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20050501-06 · Cited by 1,609
Hankin, B. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.6.773 · Cited by 1,343
The Effects of Family and Community Violence on Children
Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.445 · Cited by 1,252
A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse
Paolucci, E. O., Genuis, M. L., & Violato, C. (2001) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980109603677 · Cited by 1,144
The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., & Mercy, J. A. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.10.006 · Cited by 1,122
FERGUSSON, D. M., HORWOOD, L. J., & LYNSKEY, M. T. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199610000-00024 · Cited by 826
Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review
Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20400 · Cited by 805
The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents
Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2006) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.030 · Cited by 768
Self-citationShields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3003_7 · Cited by 671
Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories
Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90007-g · Cited by 662
The Impact of Childhood Abuse and Neglect on Adult Mental Health: A Prospective Study
Horwitz, A. V., Widom, C. S., McLaughlin, J., & White, H. R. (2001) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090177 · Cited by 646
A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse
Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., daCosta, G. A., & Akman, D. (1991) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(91)90038-f · Cited by 634
No safe haven: Male violence against women at home, at work, and in the community.
Koss, M. P., Goodman, L. A., Browne, A., Fitzgerald, L. F., Keita, G. P., & Russo, N. F. (1994) · doi:10.1037/10156-000 · Cited by 617
Self-citationSchool performance and disciplinary problems among abused and neglected children
Eckenrode, J., Laird, M., & Doris, J. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.1.53 · Cited by 609
Why children tell: a model of children’s disclosure of sexual abuse
Goodman-Brown, T. B., Edelstein, R. S., Goodman, G. S., Jones, D. P. H., & Gordon, D. S. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(03)00037-1 · Cited by 560
Weiss, E. L., Longhurst, J. G., & Mazure, C. M. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.816 · Cited by 517
The long-term sequelae of childhood sexual abuse in women: a meta-analytic review
Neumann, D. A., Houskamp, B. M., Pollock, V. E., & Briere, J. (1996) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559596001001002 · Cited by 512
Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00224-3 · Cited by 502
FERGUSSON, D. M., LYNSKEY, M. T., & HORWOOD, L. J. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199610000-00023 · Cited by 483
The role of childhood sexual abuse sequelae in the sexual revictimization of women
Messman-Moore, T. L., & Long, P. J. (2003) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00203-9 · Cited by 484
Vachon, D. D., Krueger, R. F., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792 · Cited by 478
Moeller, T. P., Bachmann, G. A., & Moeller, J. R. (1993) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90084-i · Cited by 445
Homeostasis, Stress, Trauma, and Adaptation
Perry, B. D., & Pollard, R. (1998) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30258-x · Cited by 440
Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Han, H. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80060-7 · Cited by 440
Multivariate correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women
Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1988) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(88)90046-4 · Cited by 411
Ullman, S. E., & Filipas, H. H. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.01.005 · Cited by 383
Stress, appraisal, and coping in child sexual abuse: A theoretical and empirical review.
Spaccarelli, S. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.340 · Cited by 380
Glucocortcoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate
Moghaddam, B., Bolinao, M. L., Stein-Behrens, B., & Sapolsky, R. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91622-5 · Cited by 378
Tyrka, A. R., Price, L. H., Kao, H.-T., Porton, B., Marsella, S. A., & Carpenter, L. L. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.014 · Cited by 342
Cloitre, M., Chase Stovall-McClough, K., Miranda, R., & Chemtob, C. M. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.411 · Cited by 333
Roberts, R., O’Connor, T., Dunn, J., & Golding, J. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.07.006 · Cited by 328
A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to adult psychological adjustment
Jumper, S. A. (1995) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00029-8 · Cited by 319
Ramiro, L. S., Madrid, B. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.012 · Cited by 314
DiLillo, D. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00072-0 · Cited by 314
Child maltreatment and adult socioeconomic well-being
Zielinski, D. S. (2009) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.001 · Cited by 309
The long-term health outcomes of childhood abuse: An overview and a call to action
Springer, K. W., Sheridan, J., Kuo, D., & Carnes, M. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20918.x · Cited by 299
Social and emotional outcomes of childhood sexual abuse
Tyler, K. A. (2002) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1359-1789(01)00047-7 · Cited by 294
Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.2.275 · Cited by 284
Streeck-Fischer, A., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/000486700265 · Cited by 285
Social Reactions to Child Sexual Abuse Disclosures: A Critical Review
Ullman, S. E. (2002) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v12n01_05 · Cited by 284
Paul, J. P., Catania, J., Pollack, L., & Stall, R. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00226-5 · Cited by 275
Childhood victimization and illicit drug use in middle adulthood.
Spatz Widom, C., Marmorstein, N. R., & Raskin White, H. (2006) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.4.394 · Cited by 278
Features of childhood sexual abuse and the development of psychiatric and substance use disorders
Bulik, C. M., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.5.444 · Cited by 274
Mimiaga, M. J., Noonan, E., Donnell, D., Safren, S. A., Koenen, K. C., Gortmaker, S., O'Cleirigh, C., Chesney, M. A., Coates, T. J., Koblin, B. A., et al. (2009) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181a24b38 · Cited by 257
“Moreover, severity of CSA (use of force, genital contact versus noncontact exposure) has been associated with greater severity of sequelae.(8) In light of the noted association between CSA and risky sexual behavior, MSMwhowere sexually abused in childhood have been shown to have higher rates of HIV and other sexually…”
BackgroundCycle of child sexual abuse: Links between being a victim and becoming a perpetrator
Glasser, M., Kolvin, I., Campbell, D., Glasser, A., Leitch, I., & Farrelly, S. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.179.6.482 · Cited by 255
Prior interpersonal trauma: the contribution to current PTSD symptoms in female rape victims
Nishith, P., Mechanic, M. B., & Resick, P. A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.20 · Cited by 246
Parenting characteristics of women reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse
DiLillo, D., & Damashek, A. (2003) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559503257104 · Cited by 235
Gratz, K. L., Bornovalova, M. A., Delany-Brumsey, A., Nick, B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.006 · Cited by 233
Borderline Personality Disorder and Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Meta-Analytic Study
Fossati, A., Madeddu, F., & Maffei, C. (1999) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.1999.13.3.268 · Cited by 233
Polyvictimization and Youth Violence Exposure Across Contexts
Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., Finkelhor, D., & Hamby, S. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.021 · Cited by 232
Self-citationThe role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non-suicidal self-injury
Maniglio, R. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01612.x · Cited by 225
A multivariate investigation of dating aggression
Foo, L., & Margolin, G. (1995) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/bf02110711 · Cited by 223
PTSD as a mediator between childhood rape and alcohol use in adult women
Epstein, J. N., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (1998) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00133-6 · Cited by 223
Child sexual abuse in the etiology of depression: a systematic review of reviews
Maniglio, R. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20687 · Cited by 219
Sexual addiction: Many conceptions, minimal data
Gold, S. N., & Heffner, C. L. (1998) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00051-2 · Cited by 215
Carpenter, L. L., Tyrka, A. R., McDougle, C. J., Malison, R. T., Owens, M. J., Nemeroff, C. B., & Price, L. H. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300375 · Cited by 209
The self-report of punitive childhood experiences of young adults and adolescents
Berger, A. M., Knutson, J. F., Mehm, J. G., & Perkins, K. A. (1988) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(88)90033-6 · Cited by 201
Psychological distress associated with interpersonal violence: A meta-analysis
Weaver, T. L., & Clum, G. A. (1995) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00004-9 · Cited by 200
Denov, M. S. (2004) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260504269093 · Cited by 195
The prevalence and circumstances of child sexual abuse: changes across a decade
Wyatt, G. E., Burns Loeb, T., Solis, B., Vargas Carmona, J., & Romero, G. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00110-0 · Cited by 193
Understanding aggressive behaviour across the lifespan
LIU, J., LEWIS, G., & EVANS, L. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2012.01902.x · Cited by 191
McKeever, V. M., & Huff, M. E. (2003) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.3.237 · Cited by 188
A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to HIV risk behavior among women
Arriola, K. R. J., Louden, T., Doldren, M. A., & Fortenberry, R. M. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.014 · Cited by 184
Child Sexual Abuse in the Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Maniglio, R. (2013) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838012470032 · Cited by 178
Characteristics of child physical and sexual abuse as predictors of psychopathology
Adams, J., Mrug, S., & Knight, D. C. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.019 · Cited by 178
Childhood trauma and psychosis-what is the evidence?
Schäfer, I., & Fisher, H. L. (2011) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/ischaefer · Cited by 173
Women's history of sexual abuse, their sexuality, and sexual self-schemas.
Meston, C. M., Rellini, A. H., & Heiman, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.2.229 · Cited by 172
Lloyd, S., & Operario, D. (2012) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2012.24.3.228 · Cited by 162
Jackson, S., Thompson, R. A., Christiansen, E. H., Colman, R. A., Wyatt, J., Buckendahl, C. W., Wilcox, B. L., & Peterson, R. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00108-2 · Cited by 169
Social determinants predict needle‐sharing behaviour among injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada
STRATHDEE, S. A., PATRICK, D. M., ARCHIBALD, C. P., OFNER, M., CORNELISSE, P. G. A., REKART, M., SCHECHTER, M. T., & O'SHAUGHNESSY, M. V. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02852.x · Cited by 166
Sexual Contact between Children and Adults: A Life Course Perspective
Browning, C. R., & Laumann, E. O. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657425 · Cited by 155
Briggs, E. S., & Price, I. R. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.004 · Cited by 148
Leitenberg, H., Greenwald, E., & Cado, S. (1992) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90049-w · Cited by 145
Experiential avoidance and high-risk sexual behavior in survivors of child sexual abuse
Batten, S. V., Follette, V. M., & Aban, I. B. (2002) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v10n02_06 · Cited by 140
Health risk behaviors and attempted suicide in adolescents who report prior maltreatment
Riggs, S., Alario, A. J., & McHorney, C. (1990) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(05)82679-4 · Cited by 140
Pierrehumbert, B., Torrisi, R., Laufer, D., Halfon, O., Ansermet, F., & Beck Popovic, M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.016 · Cited by 139
Psychiatric Status of Sexually Abused Children 12 Months after Disclosure of Abuse
MERRY, S. N., & ANDREWS, L. K. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199409000-00002 · Cited by 135
Twaite, J. A., & Rodriguez-Srednicki, O. (2004) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v13n01_02 · Cited by 132
Rosenthal, M. Z., Hall, M. L. R., Palm, K. M., Batten, S. V., & Follette, V. M. (2005) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1300/j070v14n04_02 · Cited by 128
Liem, J. H., & Boudewyn, A. C. (1999) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00081-2 · Cited by 123
Betrayal and revictimization: Preliminary findings.
Gobin, R. L., & Freyd, J. J. (2009) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0017469 · Cited by 123
Predicting the child-rearing practices of mothers sexually abused in childhood
Ruscio, A. M. (2001) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(00)00252-0 · Cited by 117
Child Sexual Abuse: A Model of Chronic Trauma
Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (1993) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1993.11024623 · Cited by 109
The relation between early abuse and adult sexuality
Meston, C. M., Heiman, J. R., & Trapnell, P. D. (1999) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499909552011 · Cited by 108
Recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse: Implications for clinical practice
Brandon, S., Boakes, J., Glaser, D., & Green, R. (1998) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.4.296 · Cited by 106
Disturbances of Attachment and Parental Psychopathology in Early Childhood
Schechter, D. S., & Willheim, E. (2009) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2009.03.001 · Cited by 97
The effect of trauma on the severity of obsessive-compulsive spectrum symptoms: a meta-analysis
Miller, M. L., & Brock, R. L. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.02.005 · Cited by 93
Childhood and adult sexual abuse, rumination on sadness, and dysphoria
Conway, M., Mendelson, M., Giannopoulos, C., Csank, P. A. R., & Holm, S. L. (2004) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.05.004 · Cited by 91
Van Den Bosch, L. M. C., Verheul, R., Langeland, W., & Van Den Brink, W. (2003) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01199.x · Cited by 86
Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse drugs
Medrano, M. A., Hatch, J. P., Zule, W. A., & Desmond, D. P. (2002) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-120001278 · Cited by 82
Histories of childhood trauma and complex post-traumatic sequelae in women with eating disorders
Rorty, M., & Yager, J. (1996) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70381-6 · Cited by 80
Karos, K., Niederstrasser, N., Abidi, L., Bernstein, D. P., & Bader, K. (2014) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2014.896840 · Cited by 78
Does Childhood Sexual Abuse Victimization Translate Into Juvenile Sexual Offending? New Evidence
DeLisi, M., Kosloski, A. E., Vaughn, M. G., Caudill, J. W., & Trulson, C. R. (2014) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00003 · Cited by 76
Sarin, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802563668 · Cited by 70
Metadata
- Authors
- Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1986
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 66-77
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1977634877
- Cited by
- 2,590
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 82.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.