The DOI matches its Crossref record; 145 of the 145 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 78 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Craving to quit: Psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions.
Open accessAbstract
Humans suffer heavily from substance use disorders and other addictions. Despite much effort that has been put into understanding the mechanisms of the addictive process, treatment strategies have remained suboptimal over the past several decades. Mindfulness training, which is based on ancient Buddhist models of human suffering, has recently shown preliminary efficacy in treating addictions. These early models show remarkable similarity to current models of the addictive process, especially in their overlap with operant conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement). Further, they may provide explanatory power for the mechanisms of mindfulness training, including its effects on core addictive elements, such as craving, and the underlying neurobiological processes that may be active therein. In this review, using smoking as an example, we will highlight similarities between ancient and modern views of the addictive process, review studies of mindfulness training for addictions and their effects on craving and other components of this process, and discuss recent neuroimaging findings that may inform our understanding of the neural mechanisms of mindfulness training.
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65 Not checked yet · 54 Own interpretation · 14 No basis given
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In the paper
“Further, they may provide explanatory power for the mechanisms of mindfulness training, including its effects on core addictive elements, such as craving, and the underlying neurobiological processes that may be active therein.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This process sets up positive or negative reinforcement loops respectively, by reinforcing the associative memories between these affective states and smoking”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > The birth of an addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This associative learning process may then lead to increased motivational salience of future cues”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > The birth of an addiction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Additionally, neutral cues that have been classically conditioned may directly trigger craving”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > The birth of an addiction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lazev, Herzog, & Brandon, 1999
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Acquisition of nicotine dependence is a complex process, developed in part from the formation of associative memories between smoking and both positive (e.g., after a good meal), and negative (e.g., when “stressed”) affective states”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > The birth of an addiction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bevins & Palmatier, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Brown, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Wagner, 1996
- Not checked yetcites Kandel & Davies, 1986
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mindfulness training, which is based on ancient Buddhist models of human suffering, has recently shown preliminary efficacy in treating addictions.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequently, cues that are judged to be positive or negative (a process that may happen “immediately and without awareness” (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; Curtin, McCarthy, Piper, & Baker, 2006)) can induce positive or negative affective states, which can then trigger craving to smoke”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > The birth of an addiction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bargh & Chartrand, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Curtin, McCarthy, Piper, & Baker, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and effective substitutions are not always available.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Unfortunately, these have shown only modest success, with abstinence rates for cognitively-based treatments hovering between 20–30% for the past three decades”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fiore M et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hernandez-Lopez, Luciano, Bricker, Roales-Nieto, & Montesinos, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Law & Tang, 1995
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is the absence of emotional distortions, we suggest, that allows mindfulness practitioners to ‘see things as they are’.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- It may state two separate claims as one. 50
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, these early models show remarkable similarity to current models of the addictive process, especially in their overlap with operant conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement).”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through repeated smoking, this addictive loop may become automated or habitual, leading to cue-induced behavior that is largely outside of consciousness, let alone conscious control”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > The birth of an addiction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Affective bias underlies emotional distortions of attention and memory (Elliot et al 2010), preventing individuals from accurately assessing what is happening in the present moment, and acting accordingly.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Elliot et al 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“even when craving has already arisen, mindful awareness can prevent further cycles of aversive reaction to the unpleasant feelings associated with this craving, and thus reduce habitual reactions that arise in an attempt to escape this unpleasantness.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, these strategies may not actually target the core addictive loop (e.g. avoidance of cues decreases input into the loop, Figure 1b grey arrows), while substitute behaviors (e.g. eating carrot sticks or candy) circumvent the loop (Figure 1b blue arrows).”
- Also stated in: § Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments · hedged
“Importantly, these strategies, at least in theory, may not diminish the loop itself (Figure 1b black arrows), instead leaving it dormant to reactivate at a later time”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments · hedged
In the paper
“nicotine patch therapy has shown benefits for nicotine withdrawal and background craving (which in contrast to cue-induced craving fluctuates slowly over time (Ferguson & Shiffman, 2009)), but not for cue-induced craving”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferguson & Shiffman, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“nowhere in the early Buddhist dialogues is the Buddha reported as claiming that there is no self; on the contrary, both the view that there is no self and the view that there is a self are said to lead to suffering”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the application of mindfulness in Joe Smoker’s case (see Text Box 1) may not result in positive appraisal, but will allow him to clearly be aware of feelings of craving as they actually are, and what he actually gets from feeding them”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The therapeutic model offered in early Buddhist texts aims at explicating suffering, its cause, the possibility of a cure, and the interventions required to achieve that cure.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mainstay behavioral treatments for smoking cessation have focused on teaching individuals to avoid cues, foster positive affective states (e.g. practice relaxation or physical exercise), divert attention from cravings, substitute other activities for smoking, and develop social support mechanisms”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fiore et al., 2000
- Not checked yetcites Lando, McGovern, Barrios, & Etringer, 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, mindfulness does not stop one from being a person, but rather from taking things personally.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As the state of satisfaction from feeding the craving is short-lived, given the nature of the short half-life of nicotine and its biological effects (Imperato et al., 1986), the passing away of this mind-state inevitably ensues, leading to dissatisfaction, stress or suffering once again.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Imperato et al., 1986
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subsequently, a desire or craving arises (definition: “an intense, urgent, or abnormal desire or longing” ) as a psychological urge to act or perform a behavior”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, its self-propagating nature aligns not only with current models of operant and classical conditioning, but pre-modern psychological models of the causes of human suffering: craving and attachment.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > The birth of an addiction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The craving is for the continuation of pleasant, or the cessation of unpleasant feeling tones, respectively.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an individual learns that smoking (action) decreases unpleasant feelings such as negative affect and craving, and s/he starts forming a behavior pattern related to these affective reactions, that with repetition, s/he eventually becomes identified with”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The valence of this affective tone is conditioned by associative memories that were formed from previous experiences”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when Joe Smoker, who has learned to associate smoking with the reduction of stress and/or the temporary abatement of withdrawal states (#6), encounters a stressful situation or nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, restlessness and agitation (#1), his brain interprets these as unpleasant (#2).”
- Also stated in: § An early model of addiction · plain
“He wants the unpleasant feeling to go away, and consequently gets a craving to smoke (#3). When he smokes, he reinforces the habituated reaction to affective experience”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § An early model of addiction · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In traditional presentations, however, these practices are clearly delineated from the practice of mindfulness (satipatthana), which involves not feeding desire or discontent in regard to external objects”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is through the “relinquishment, release, and letting go” of craving that suffering is cured”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Remarkably, this relinquishment of craving may be achieved through a simple psychological intervention.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By decoupling pleasant and unpleasant experience from habitual reactions of craving and aversion, careful attention to present moment experience can function to bring a broadening or spaciousness of awareness that allows new appraisals of life situations.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“He may even begin to ruminate about smoking and start planning his day around access to cigarettes, which, as we will see later, likely engages brain circuits involved in self-referential processing, thus further fueling this process.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experimental evidence for the core links of the addictive loop and the modest long-term efficacy of current treatments provide compelling evidence for the need for innovative treatments that directly dismantle this loop instead of treating “around” it”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Buddhist psychological models distinguish bodily, affective, cognitive, volitional, and conscious components of emotional reactions to triggers.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Even cue exposure that aims to decrease the conditioned responses may not adequately disrupt the addictive loop, instead leading to different associations that are also situation-specific”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Why do we need new treatments for smoking? Limitations of current cessation treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bouton, Westbrook, Corcoran, & Maren, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Niaura et al., 1999
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This craving motivates action (#4) and fuels the “birth” of a self-identity around the sense object (#5), creating a link between action and outcome that gets laid down in memory (#6).”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“through paying careful attention to one’s own experience, the Buddhist accounts claim, one can see that perceptions and associated affective reactions (affective tone) are separate from – and indeed separable from – craving and aversion, as well as the elaborate thought processes these can motivate”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grabovac et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“states associated with craving and aversion are themselves unpleasant, so that individuals often develop aversive reactions towards their own craving and aversion.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The perception of an object is influenced by previous experiences, and the formation of related memories leads to habits or dispositions – consequently ‘updating’ how perception will function in the future”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when environmental cues are registered through the senses (and here thoughts are considered to be within the same category as the standard five senses, Figure 2, #1), an ‘affective tone’ automatically arises that is typically felt as pleasant or unpleasant”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We postulate that mindfulness does not prevent the cognitive construction of self-identity necessary for functioning in the world, which traditional Buddhists call the relative level of self, but instead targets affective bias.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Suffering is caused by many varieties of craving, or more literally translated, ‘thirst’; of particular relevance here is “craving for sense pleasure”.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this process, craving is said to result from a process based in automated affective reactions to perceptual stimuli.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Derived from Buddhist practices, mindfulness training has been adapted for use in Western cultures, taking forms such as Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (combined with Cognitive Therapy for depression relapse prevention), and Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (combined with Relapse Prevention for addiction treatment)”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bowen et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Kabat-Zinn, 1982
- Not checked yetcites Teasdale et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this perspective, mindfulness allows practitioners to clearly ascertain what is driving their behavior, and whether or not it is moving them toward or away from their goals.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, each time Joe smokes, he re-engages and reinforces this loop, resulting in a subsequent rounds of this process (#7)”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > An early model of addiction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through changing one’s relationship to craving, via non-judgmental awareness, one begins to remove the fuel from its fire, such that over time, craving and its resultant identity formations eventually burn out or die off.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theoretically, this simpler, more focused approach may facilitate both conceptual and behavioral skills mastery and durability of effects in a relatively brief treatment.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we postulate that the mechanism of action here is the attenuation of affective bias underlying the reaction of ‘taking things personally’, rather than a change in self-related thoughts.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > How does mindfulness training work? Mindfulness training may directly target the addictive loop
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data are promising, although more confirmatory studies are needed, as many of the studies were of pilot nature, small, and/or employed wait-list or other sub-optimal control conditions.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Gifford et al. randomized 76 participants to nicotine replacement or ACT (seven individual + seven group sessions) and found 24-hour abstinence of 33% and 35% respectively after treatment and 15% and 35% at one year follow-up”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gifford et al., 2004
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mindfulness training has only recently been evaluated in the treatment of addictions (Bowen et al., 2009; Brewer et al., 2009; Zgierska et al., 2008), and more specifically smoking (Cropley, Ussher, & Charitou, 2007; Davis, Fleming, Bonus, & Baker, 2007).”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bowen et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Brewer et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Zgierska et al., 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mindfulness training has been incorporated into several approaches for addiction treatment, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) (Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006) and Relapse Prevention (Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (Bowen et al., 2009; Brewer et al., 2009)), and has shown preliminary success therein.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Bowen et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Brewer et al., 2009
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been operationalized to include two distinct components: 1) maintaining attention on the immediate experience; and, 2) maintaining an attitude of acceptance toward this experience”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bishop et al., 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Studies on the efficacy of mindfulness training for addictions remain preliminary: a recent review of trials that included mindfulness training reported only one of 22 was randomized”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zgierska et al., 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a study of treatment-seeking smokers, for each standard deviation increase in craving scores on the target quit date, the risk of lapsing rose by 43% on that day, and 65% on the following day (Ferguson, Shiffman, & Gwaltney, 2006).”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Is craving an important target of mindfulness training?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ferguson, Shiffman, & Gwaltney, 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these studies suggest that mindfulness training is a promising though still emerging treatment for addictions.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These may even be viewed as ‘two sides of the same coin’ because when attention becomes predominant, self-referential processing (and thus judging or non-acceptance) drops away; ‘bare’ awareness or attention is by definition free from judgment”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Common features of these treatments include the training of attention to detect and modify an individual’s relationship to automatic thought patterns, among others.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > What is mindfulness training and does it work for smoking cessation and other addictions?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings should be interpreted with caution, as this study was cross-sectional, and could be influenced by self-selection bias.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brewer, Worhunsky, et al., 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are two primary nodes of the DMN, the medial prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC).”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The high rates of comorbidity and possibly shared associative learning loops suggest that there may also be overlap in the neurobiological mechanisms of stress, affective-related and substance use disorders, and that mindfulness training may target core features that are shared among these (Brewer et al., 2010).”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Does mindfulness training treat the causes and co-morbid conditions of addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brewer et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These have been shown to be temporally correlated with a number of peripheral nodes, and anti-correlated with brain regions involved in self-monitoring (the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dACC), and cognitive control (the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dlPFC)”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrews-Hanna, Reidler, Sepulcre, Poulin, & Buckner, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al., 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention attenuated the link between depressive symptoms and craving at a 2-month post-treatment follow-up, an effect that predicted diminished substance use at a 4-month follow-up time-point.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Is craving an important target of mindfulness training?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Witkiewitz & Bowen, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these results suggest that mindfulness training may indeed help individuals develop a tolerance to craving itself, thus over time acting to dismantle the addictive loop through a dis-identification with the object or dismantling of self-identity.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Is craving an important target of mindfulness training?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings fit with the hypothesis that if an individual smokes due to habitually responding to triggers, be they ruminative thought patterns or negative affect and unpleasant bodily sensations from nicotine withdrawal, that MT would help them disengage from these self-identified patterns.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And the more individuals are able to decouple craving from behavior through practicing mindfulness, the less they foster the addictive loop, leading to the later dying away or cessation of craving itself.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Conclusions and future directions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Modern treatments, such as MT that are based on these Buddhist models are beginning to show preliminary efficacy in the treatment of addictions, and may be doing so through changing one’s relationship to core addictive elements such as craving.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Conclusions and future directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A positive correlation reappeared again at follow-up two weeks later (r = 0.47, p < 0.02), and grew stronger both three and four months after treatment initiation (r = 0.79, p < 0.001; r = 0.77, p < 0.001)”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Is craving an important target of mindfulness training?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Elwafi et al., under review
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stress, anxiety and depression have been shown to not only be highly comorbid with substance use disorders (e.g. major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence of co-occurrence ranging from 30–43% (Davis et al., 2005; Lopez & Mathers, 2006))”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Does mindfulness training treat the causes and co-morbid conditions of addictions?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davis et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Lopez & Mathers, 2006
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the observed increased connectivity patterns seen in experienced meditators were present both at baseline and during meditation, suggesting that a ‘new’ default mode had been established.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Brewer et al. initially found that increased home practice was correlated with decreased cigarette use for both formal (r = −0.44, p < 0.02) and informal practice (r = −0.48, p < 0.01) (Brewer, Mallik, et al., 2011).”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Is craving an important target of mindfulness training?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brewer, Mallik, et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As conflict monitoring (the dACC) and cognitive control regions (the dlPFC) have been shown to be important in self-control, addictions and treatment outcomes (Brewer, Worhunsky, Carroll, Rounsaville, & Potenza, 2008; Hare, Camerer, & Rangel, 2009; Kober et al., 2010), these findings suggest that MT may fundamentally alter brain activity and connectivity patterns in networks that are important for”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brewer, Worhunsky, Carroll, Rounsaville, & Potenza, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hare, Camerer, & Rangel, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Kober et al., 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MT may, at least in theory, confer advantages over other approaches for addictions, especially in cases of co-morbid disorders, and when individuals are particularly stuck in negative (or positive) reinforcement loops.”
§ Craving to Quit: psychological models and neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness training as treatment for addictions > Conclusions and future directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Craving is inherently unpleasant and naturally drives individuals to act by smoking, drinking, or using other drugs.
“First, craving is inherently unpleasant, and so naturally drives individuals to act, whether to smoke, drink or use other drugs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The longer a craving goes unsatisfied, the more it may intensify as it is fueled by further reactions to the unpleasantness of wanting itself.
“The longer this craving goes unsatisfied, the more it may intensify as it becomes fueled by further reactions to the unpleasantness of the wanting itself.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“recent reviews of the evidence indicate its efficacy for promoting abstinence and reducing cravings.51,78–80,95”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Decentering may help individuals disengage from perseverative worry habit loops that are perpetuated through reinforcement learning [46-48,74].”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [47]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This emerging model is being clari fi ed and developed as empirical understanding is built (Brewer et al. 2013; Chiesa et al. 2013; Gu et al. 2015; Van der Velden et al. 2015).”
From What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft (2017) · cites this paper as Brewer et al. 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“with demonstrated efficacy on reducing anxiety symptoms.”
From Cluster-based psychological phenotyping and differences in anxiety treatment outcomes (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such approaches foster non-reactivity or ‘being with’ unpleasant states, rather than reacting by carrying out a behavior to distract from or avoid such states (e.g. smoking, emotional eating, worrying)18”
From Cluster-based psychological phenotyping and differences in anxiety treatment outcomes (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In developing more mindful awareness to these processes, people can learn to be and work with unpleasant states18,21,22, rather than avoid or react to them and perpetuate the habitual cycle of worry15,16.”
From Cluster-based psychological phenotyping and differences in anxiety treatment outcomes (2023) · cites this paper as [18]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“There is increasing interest in digital delivery methods such as smartphone apps (Brewer et al. 2013),”
From What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft (2017) · cites this paper as Brewer et al. 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In contrast, the PFM predicts a reduction in smoking independently of reductions in craving or negative affect (Brewer et al. 2013; Elwafi et al. 2013).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Brewer et al. 2013
Citations
Cites
The Brain's Default Network: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease
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“…lead to addictions is beyond the scope of this discussion (Robinson, Sareen, Cox, & Bolton, 2011), another theoretical benefit of MT in the treatment of addictions is that it may concurrently target co-occurring disorders, effectively " killing two birds with one stone " (Brewer et al., 2010).”
InfluentialSelf-citationEfficacy of acute administration of nicotine gum in relief of cue-provoked cigarette craving
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brewer, J. A., Elwafi, H. M., & Davis, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- ORCID
- Brewer, Judson A.
- Venue
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 366-379
- ISSN
- 0893-164X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1501
- PMC
- PMC3434285
- OpenAlex
- W2155071281
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 12
- FWCI
- 18.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K12-DA00167; 1R03DA029163-01A1; P50-DA09241)
- U.S. Veterans Affairs New England Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, addiction treatment, craving, substance use disorders, operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcement, smoking, neurobiological mechanisms, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Attention, Brain, Buddhism, Conditioning, Operant, Humans, Models, Psychological, Nerve Net, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Behavior, Addictive, Secondary Prevention, Mindfulness
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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