Compensatory control and the appeal of a structured world.
Open accessAbstract
People are motivated to perceive themselves as having control over their lives. Consequently, they respond to events and cognitions that reduce control with compensatory strategies for restoring perceived control to baseline levels. Prior theory and research have documented 3 such strategies: bolstering personal agency, affiliating with external systems perceived to be acting on the self's behalf, and affirming clear contingencies between actions and outcomes within the context of reduced control (here termed specific structure). We propose a 4th strategy: affirming nonspecific structure, or seeking out and preferring simple, clear, and consistent interpretations of the social and physical environments. Formulating this claim suggests that people will respond to reduced control by affirming structured interpretations that are unrelated to the control-reducing condition, and even those that entail otherwise adverse outcomes (e.g., pessimistic health prospects). Section 1 lays the conceptual foundation for our review, situating the proposed phenomenon in the literatures on control motivation and threat-compensation mechanisms. Section 2 reviews studies that have demonstrated that trait and state variations in perceived control predict a wide range of epistemic structuring tendencies, including pattern recognition and causal reasoning. We posit that these tendencies reflect a common desire for a structured understanding of one's environment. Accordingly, a new meta-analysis spanning the reviewed studies (k = 55) revealed that control reduction predicts nonspecific structure affirmation with a moderate effect size (r = .25). Section 3 reviews research on individual differences and situational moderators of this effect. The discussion addresses the interplay of compensatory control strategies and practical implications.
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Misinformation and propaganda have been linked to the adoption of conspiracy theories as a means of reducing uncertainty.
“the adoption of conspiracy theories as a means of reducing uncertainty [59]”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [59]
People experiencing uncertainty-related worries and anxiety often engage in processes of compensatory control to imbue the world with order and predictability.
“In addition to information seeking and fact-checking, people experiencing uncertainty-related worries and anxiety often engage in processes of compensatory control in an effort to imbue the world with order and predictability [59].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [59]
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Innocence versus Coolness: the influence of brand personality on consumers’ preferences
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Lembregts, C., & Pandelaere, M. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/0022243718820570 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jachimowicz, J., Frey, E., Matz, S., Jeronimus, B., & Galinsky, A. D. (2022) · Social Psychology and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211060115 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Economic Anxiety and the Performance of SMEs during COVID-19: A Cross-National Study in Kuwait
Zainal, M., Bani‐Mustafa, A., Alameen, M., Toglaw, S., & Mazari, A. A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031112 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The social-safety system: Fortifying relationships in the face of the unforeseeable.
Murray, S. L., Lamarche, V. M., Seery, M. D., Jung, H. Y., Griffin, D. W., & Brinkman, C. S. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000245 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Structure-seeking as a psychological antecedent of beliefs about morality.
Stanley, M. L., Marsh, E. J., & Kay, A. C. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000752 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental stress increases out-group aggression and intergroup conflict in humans
Dreu, C. K. W. D., Gross, J., & Reddmann, L. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0147 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Persistent beliefs: Political extremism predicts ideological stability over time
Zwicker, M. V., van Prooijen, J., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2020) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220917753 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Psychological Appeal of Fake-News Attributions
Axt, J. R., Landau, M. J., & Kay, A. C. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620922785 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationAtanasova, A., Eckhardt, G. M., & Husemann, K. C. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucad047 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Highs and Lows of Hierarchy in Multiteam Systems
Matusik, J. G., Mitchell, R. L., Hays, N. A., Fath, S. B., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2020.0369 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lab- and Field-Based Approaches to Meaning Threats and Restoration: Convergences and Divergences
Park, C. L., & George, L. S. (2017) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000118 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wronska, M. K., Bujacz, A., Gocłowska, M. A., Rietzschel, E. F., & Nijstad, B. A. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.018 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Science and religion: a rocky relationship shaped by shared psychological functions
Rutjens, B. T., & Preston, J. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817204-9.00027-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pauer, S., Rutjens, B. T., Brick, C., Lob, A. B., Buttlar, B., Noordewier, M. K., Schneider, I. K., & van Harreveld, F. (2024) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241263884 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Is Covid-19 a natural event? Covid-19 pandemic and conspiracy beliefs
Pellegrini, V., Giacomantonio, M., Cristofaro, V. D., Salvati, M., Brasini, M., Carlo, E., Mancini, F., & Leone, L. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
An empirical analysis of self-service technologies: mediating role ofcustomer powerlessness
Cao, Z., Xiao, Q., Zhuang, W., & Wang, L. (2021) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-07-2020-0271 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Li, O., & Qian, D. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12407 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vidanaralage, A. J., Dharmaratne, A. T., & Haque, S. (2022) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100109 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yoxon, B., Hauwaert, S. M. V., & Kiess, J. M. (2017) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/s41269-017-0067-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Landau, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Whitson, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas (US)
- Duke University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 694-722
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1980775666
- Cited by
- 479
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 82.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-1222047)
- Social Science and Humanities Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Keywords
- perceived control, control motivation, pattern recognition, causal reasoning, individual differences, situational moderators
- MeSH terms
- Defense Mechanisms, Humans, Meta-Analysis as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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