A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds
Abstract
Congeners of nitrogen monoxide (NO) are neuroprotective and neurodestructive. To address this apparent paradox, we considered the effects on neurons of compounds characterized by alternative redox states of NO: nitric oxide (NO.) and nitrosonium ion (NO+). Nitric oxide, generated from NO. donors or synthesized endogenously after NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor activation, can lead to neurotoxicity. Here, we report that NO.- mediated neurotoxicity is engendered, at least in part, by reaction with superoxide anion (O2.-), apparently leading to formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and not by NO. alone. In contrast, the neuroprotective effects of NO result from downregulation of NMDA-receptor activity by reaction with thiol group(s) of the receptor's redox modulatory site. This reaction is not mediated by NO. itself, but occurs under conditions supporting S-nitrosylation of NMDA receptor thiol (reaction or transfer of NO+). Moreover, the redox versatility of NO allows for its interconversion from neuroprotective to neurotoxic species by a change in the ambient redox milieu. The details of this complex redox chemistry of NO may provide a mechanism for harnessing neuroprotective effects and avoiding neurotoxicity in the central nervous system.
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RNS including NO are major triggers for PARP1 hyperactivation, especially in neurons.
“reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including NO stand out as major triggers for PARP1 hyperactivation, especially in neurons [659–661].”
From Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. (2018) · cites this paper as [659]
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- Authors
- Lipton, S. A., Choi, Y.-B., Pan, Z.-H., Lei, S. Z., Chen, H.-S. V., Sucher, N. J., Loscalzo, J., Singel, D. J., & Stamler, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1993-08
- Volume
- 364
- Issue
- 6438
- Pages
- 626-632
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2062384458
- Cited by
- 2,433
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 105.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- nitric oxide, nitrosonium ion, redox chemistry, NMDA receptor, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, superoxide, peroxynitrite, S-nitrosylation, nitric oxide donors, central nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cells, Cultured, Cysteine, Free Radicals, Nitroglycerin, Molsidomine, Neurons, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitroprusside, Oxidation-Reduction, Superoxides, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Cell Death, S-Nitrosothiols, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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