Oral microbiome: possible harbinger for children’s health
Open accessAbstract
The human microbiome functions as an intricate and coordinated microbial network, residing throughout the mucosal surfaces of the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive system. The oral microbiome encompasses a highly diverse microbiota, consisting of over 700 microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. As our understanding of the relationship between the oral microbiome and human health has evolved, we have identified a diverse array of oral and systemic diseases associated with this microbial community, including but not limited to caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and inflammatory bowel syndrome. The potential predictive relationship between the oral microbiota and these human diseases suggests that the oral cavity is an ideal site for disease diagnosis and development of rapid point-of-care tests. The oral cavity is easily accessible with a non-invasive collection of biological samples. We can envision a future where early life salivary diagnostic tools will be used to predict and prevent future disease via analyzing and shaping the infant’s oral microbiome. In this review, we present evidence for the establishment of the oral microbiome during early childhood, the capability of using childhood oral microbiome to predict future oral and systemic diseases, and the limitations of the current evidence.
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The mucosal surfaces serve as the chief substrata available for microbial colonization in the infant oral cavity.
“The mucosal surfaces serve as the chief substrata available for microbial colonization in the infant oral cavity.141”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [141]
Additional early colonizers, such as Gemella, Rothia, Granulicatella, and Haemophilus, are present at 3-6 months of age and increase in abundance with time.
“Additional early colonizers, such as Gemella, Rothia, Granulicatella, and Haemophilus, present at 3‐6 months of age and increase in abundance with time.141, 142”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [141]
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A Prospective Study of the Oral Manifestations of Crohn’s Disease
Harty, S., Fleming, P., Rowland, M., Crushell, E., McDermott, M., Drumm, B., & Bourke, B. (2005) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00424-6 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Gomez-Arango, L. F., Barrett, H. L., McIntyre, H. D., Callaway, L. K., Morrison, M., & Nitert, M. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03066-4 · Cited by 168 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Studies have shown the association between neonatal antibiotics use and decreased levels of Clostridial colonization in infants’ gut when administered in a prolonged period.96 Intriguingly, a study by Gomez-Arango et al.97 indicated that maternal antibiotics use during delivery also impacts the infant oral microbiome…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNeonatal herpes simplex virus infections
Pinninti, S. G., & Kimberlin, D. W. (2018) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2018.02.004 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The oral cavity in Crohn’s disease
Pittock, S. T., Drumm, B., Fleming, P., McDermott, M., Imrie, C., Flint, S. R., & Bourke, B. (2001) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2001.113008 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
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Bacterial Diversity in Two Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs)
Hewitt, K. M., Mannino, F. L., Gonzalez, A., Chase, J., Caporaso, J. G., Knight, R. D., & Kelley, S. T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054703 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
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Alterations in diversity of the oral microbiome in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Docktor, M., Paster, B. J., Abramowicz, S., Ingram, J., Wang, Y. E., Correll, M., Jiang, H., Cotton, S. L., Kokaras, A. S., & Bousvaros, A. (2011) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1002/ibd.21874 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Impact of prematurity and nutrition on the developing gut microbiome and preterm infant growth
Grier, A., Qiu, X., Bandyopadhyay, S., Holden‐Wiltse, J., Kessler, H. A., Gill, A. L., Hamilton, B., Huyck, H. L., Misra, S. K., Mariani, T. J., et al. (2017) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0377-0 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationThe advent of genome-wide association studies for bacteria
Chen, P. E., & Shapiro, B. J. (2015) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.03.002 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Association between Oral Candida and Bacteriome in Children with Severe ECC
Xiao, J., Grier, A., Faustoferri, R. C., Alzoubi, S., Gill, A. L., Feng, C., Liu, Y., Quivey, R. G., Kopycka‐Kędzierawski, D. T., Koo, H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034518790941 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationYost, S., Stashenko, P., Choi, Y., Kukuruzinska, M., Genco, C. A., Salama, A., Weinberg, E. O., Kramer, C. D., & Frias-Lopez, J. (2018) · International Journal of Oral Science · doi:10.1038/s41368-018-0037-7 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Characterizing oral microbial communities across dentition states and colonization niches
Mason, M. R., Chambers, S., Dabdoub, S. M., Thikkurissy, S., & Kumar, P. S. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0443-2 · Cited by 142 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Interestingly, these core species only accounted for 45% (23%–61%) of the total oral microbiota of each infant.(29) Out of the 178 identified species, only 33 were shared by ≥75% of infants.”
BackgroundInfluentialGut Microflora Associated Characteristics in Children with Celiac Disease
Tjellström, B., Stenhammar, L., Högberg, L., Fälth‐Magnusson, K., Magnusson, K., Midtvedt, T., Sundqvist, T., & Norin, E. L. (2005) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00313.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Cai, Q., Shu, X., Steinwandel, M. D., Blot, W. J., Zheng, W., & Long, J. (2019) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31941 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Corstjens, P. L. A. M., Abrams, W. R., & Malamud, D. (2015) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12112 · Cited by 133 · cited 2× · see citing works
“including herpesvirus HPV7 and Anelloviruses, as well as some RNA viruses, are also permanent constituents of human mouth.(72,73) Several viral agents can infect oral mucosal cells; however, only a few cause clinical manifestations.”
BackgroundXiao, J., Moon, Y., Li, L., Rustchenko, E. P., Wakabayashi, H., Zhao, X., Feng, C., Gill, S. R., McLaren, S. W., Malmström, H., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164242 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly childhood caries and mutans streptococci: a systematic review.
Parisotto, T. M., Steiner‐Oliveira, C., Silva, C. M., Rodrigues, L. K. A., & Nobre‐dos‐Santos, M. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Lee, S. A., Lim, J. Y., Kim, B. S., Cho, S. J., Kim, N. Y., Kim, O. B., & Kim, Y. (2015) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2015.9.3.242 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The Microbiota of the Extremely Preterm Infant
Underwood, M. A., & Sohn, K. (2017) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2017.01.005 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Microbial Risk Markers for Childhood Caries in Pediatricians’ Offices
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Potential NICU Environmental Influences on the Neonate's Microbiome
Hartz, L. E., Bradshaw, W. T., & Brandon, D. (2015) · Advances in Neonatal Care · doi:10.1097/anc.0000000000000220 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Salivary Microbiota and Metabolome Associated with Celiac Disease
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Buccal administration of human colostrum: impact on the oral microbiota of premature infants
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Looking in the mouth for Crohnʼs disease
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Genetic influences on the human oral microbiome
Demmitt, B. A., Corley, R. P., Huibregtse, B. M., Keller, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., McQueen, M. B., Knight, R. D., McDermott, I., & Krauter, K. S. (2017) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4008-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Antibiotic treatment at delivery shapes the initial oral microbiome in neonates
Gómez-Arango, L. F., Barrett, H. L., McIntyre, D. H., Callaway, L. K., Morrison, M., & Nitert, M. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43481 · Cited by 97 · cited 4× · see citing works
“In this study where the infant oral swabs were sampled in the first three days after delivery, the study results showed that Proteobacteria were abundant in infants with maternal intrapartum antibiotics exposure while Streptococcaceae, Gemellaceae, and Lactobacillales were dominant in unexposed neonates.(97)”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeonatal gut and respiratory microbiota: coordinated development through time and space
Grier, A., McDavid, A., Wang, B., Qiu, X., Java, J., Bandyopadhyay, S., Yang, H., Holden‐Wiltse, J., Kessler, H. A., Gill, A. L., et al. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0566-5 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationInfant fungal communities: current knowledge and research opportunities
Ward, T., Knights, D., & Gale, C. A. (2017) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0802-z · Cited by 94 · see citing works
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Early-life skin microbiota in hospitalized preterm and full-term infants
Younge, N. E., Araújo-Pérez, F., Brandon, D., & Seed, P. C. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0486-4 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Identification of Caries Risk Factors in Toddlers
Fontana, M., Jackson, R. D., Eckert, G. J., Swigonski, N. L., Chin, J. R., Zandoná, A. F., Ando, M., Stookey, G. K., Downs, S. M., & Zero, D. T. (2010) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/0022034510385458 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Oral microbiome, periodontitis and risk of head and neck cancer
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A screening method for gastric cancer by oral microbiome detection
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Dental Caries and Microbial Acid Production in Twins
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Surface Microbes in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Changes with Routine Cleaning and over Time
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Oral microbiome activity in children with autism spectrum disorder
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Host responses to the human microbiome
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Asymptomatic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presenting With Mucocutaneous Findings
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Oral candidal flora in healthy infants
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Bacteria Interfere with A. actinomycetemcomitans Colonization
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Barrett's esophagus is associated with a distinct oral microbiome
Snider, E. J., Compres, G., Freedberg, D. E., Giddins, M. J., Khiabanian, H., Lightdale, C. J., Nobel, Y. R., Toussaint, N. C., Uhlemann, A.-C., & Abrams, J. A. (2018) · Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/s41424-018-0005-8 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Human defects in STAT3 promote oral mucosal fungal and bacterial dysbiosis
Abusleme, L., Diaz, P. I., Freeman, A. F., Greenwell‐Wild, T., Brenchley, L., Desai, J. V., Ng, W.-I., Holland, S. M., Lionakis, M. S., Segre, J. A., et al. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.122061 · Cited by 68 · cited 5× · see citing works
“albicans and minimal representation of health-associated fungi.(85) The STAT3 defect in participants with AD-HIES was also associated with distinctive bacterial communities, particularly with a reduced microbial diversity and an enrichment of Streptococcus oralis and S.”
BackgroundInfluentialOral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome Impacts Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Klimesova, K., Jiraskova Zakostelska, Z., & Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00774 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Child Weight Gain Trajectories Linked To Oral Microbiota Composition
Craig, S. J. C., Blankenberg, D. J., Parodi, A. C. L., Paul, I. M., Birch, L. L., Savage, J. S., Marini, M. E., Stokes, J. L., Nekrutenko, A., Reimherr, M. L., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31866-9 · Cited by 67 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The study results suggest for the first time that the association between the oral microbiota and the temporal pattern of weight gain in early childhood might be stronger and more consequential than previously thought, and thus requires further characterization.(40) However, the mechanism underlying these associations…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTimby, N., Domellöf, M., Holgerson, P. L., West, C. E., Lönnerdal, B. L., Hernell, O., & Johansson, I. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169831 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Xu, H., Li, X., Zheng, X., Xia, Y., Fu, Y., Li, X., Qian, Y., Zou, J., Zhao, A., Guan, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7336 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Oral Microbiota Development in Early Childhood
Kennedy, B., Peura, S., Hammar, U., Vicenzi, S., Hedman, A. M., Almqvist, C., Andolf, E. G., Pershagen, G., Dicksved, J., Bertilsson, S., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54702-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Dynamics of Microbial Colonization of the Oral Cavity in Newborns
Nelson-Filho, P., Borba, I. G., Mesquita, K. S. F. D., Silva, R. A. B., Queiroz, A. M. D., & Silva, L. A. B. (2013) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440201302266 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Borgdorff, H., Gautam, R., Armstrong, S., Xia, D., Ndayisaba, G., van Teijlingen, N. H., Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., Wastling, J. M., & van de Wijgert, J. H. H. M. (2015) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.150 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Jimenez, J., Loveridge‐Lenza, B., & Horváth, K. (2021) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2021.07.007 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Obstructive sleep apnea in children
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Lactation and Intestinal Microbiota: How Early Diet Shapes the Infant Gut
Goldsmith, F., O’Sullivan, A. M., Smilowitz, J. T., & Freeman, S. L. (2015) · Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia · doi:10.1007/s10911-015-9335-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Immunopathogenesis of celiac disease
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Oral Health and the Oral Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer
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Klinke, T. U., Urban, M., Lück, C., Hannig, C., Kühn, M., & Krämer, N. (2013) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000351673 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The microbiome of the oral mucosa in irritable bowel syndrome
Fourie, N. H., Wang, D., Abey, S. K., Sherwin, L. B., Joseph, P. V., Rahim-Williams, B., Ferguson, E. G., & Henderson, W. A. (2016) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2016.1162363 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The effect of maternal flora on C andida colonisation in the neonate
Filippidi, A., Galanakis, E., Maraki, S., Galani, I., Drogari‐Apiranthitou, M., Kalmanti, M., Mantadakis, E., & Samonis, G. (2013) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12100 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Garnier‐Lengliné, H., Cerf–Bensussan, N., & Ruemmele, F. M. (2015) · Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2015.05.024 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sweeney, E. L., Al‐Shehri, S. S., Cowley, D. M., Liley, H. G., Bansal, N., Charles, B. G., Shaw, P. N., Duley, J. A., & Knox, C. L. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33519-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder - A Complex Genetic Disorder
Ivanov, H. Y., Stoyanova, V. K., Popov, N. T., & Vachev, T. I. (2015) · Folia Medica · doi:10.1515/folmed-2015-0015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
PLONKA, K. A., Pukallus, M., Barnett, A. G., Walsh, L. J., Holcombe, T. H., & Seow, W. K. (2012) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000337353 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prevalence of oral Candida in the first year of life
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Hurley, E., Mullins, D., Barrett, M., O'Shea, C., Kinirons, M. J., Ryan, C. A., Stanton, C., Whelton, H. P., Harris, H. M. B., & O’Toole, P. W. (2019) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2019.1599652 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Manipulating the Human Microbiome to Manage Disease
Harkins, C. P., Kong, H. H., & Segre, J. A. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.19602 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The oral microbiome—the relevant reservoir for acute pediatric appendicitis?
Blod, C., Schlichting, N. S., Schülin, S., Suttkus, A., Peukert, N., Stîngu, C. S., Hirsch, C., Elger, W., Lacher, M., Bühligen, U., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-017-2948-8 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Effects of Human Milk on Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Saliva-Coated Hydroxyapatite in vitro
Wernersson, J., Niemi, L. D., Einarson, S., Hernell, O., & Johansson, I. (2006) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000094287 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Oral microbiota dysbiosis and its association with Henoch‐Schönlein Purpura in children
Chen, B., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhao, C., Shen, N., Yang, J., Gai, Z., & Zhang, L. (2018) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.017 · Cited by 33 · cited 9× · see citing works
“The more prolonged hospital stay was associated with a lower abundance of Butyrivibrio sp, but a higher abundance of Haemophilus sp.(151) Haemophilus sp was also negatively correlated to the amount of IgE and IgM.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPLONKA, K. A., Pukallus, M., Barnett, A. G., Walsh, L. J., HOLCOMBE, T. F., & Seow, W. K. (2012) · Caries Research · doi:10.1159/000339089 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Oral viral infections of children
Sällberg, M. (2008) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00277.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The incidence of neonatal herpes infection
Mahnert, N. D., Roberts, S. W., Laibl, V. R., Sheffield, J. S., & Wendel, G. D. (2007) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.911 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Influence of the maternal vaginal microbiota on the oral microbiota of the newborn.
Hegde, S., & Munshi, A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Al-Rusan, R. M., Darwazeh, A. M. G., & Lataifeh, I. M. (2017) · Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2017.01.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Study of Early Childhood Caries and Associated Factors in Brazilian Children
Piva, F., Pereira, J. T., Luz, P. B., Hashizume, L. N., Hugo, F. N., & de Araújo, F. B. (2017) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440201701237 · Cited by 28 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Piva et al.141 evaluated a cohort of 163 Brazilian children (3–4 years old) in a 2-year prospective period, and found higher S. mutans counts were associated with caries progression.”
BackgroundFactors related to maternal transmission of mutans streptococci in high-risk children-pilot study.
Zhan, L., Tan, S., Besten, P. K. D., Featherstone, J. D. B., & Hoover, C. I. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Merglová, V., & Polenik, P. (2016) · Folia Microbiologica · doi:10.1007/s12223-016-0453-z · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For instance, in the first several months of an infant’s life, before tooth eruption, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, along with the lactic acid-producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Streptococcus spp are highly prevalent.(61,63,64) Along with the tooth eruption…”
BackgroundShillitoe, E. J. (2018) · Critical Reviews™ in Oncogenesis · doi:10.1615/critrevoncog.2018027422 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Slayton, R. L. (2011) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2010.11.014 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Genome Sequence of Two Novel Species of Torque Teno Minivirus from the Human Oral Cavity
Parras-Moltó, M., Suárez-Rodríguez, P., Eguia, A., Urízar, J. M. A., & López-Bueno, A. (2014) · Genome Announcements · doi:10.1128/genomea.00868-14 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“including herpesvirus HPV7 and Anelloviruses, as well as some RNA viruses, are also permanent constituents of human mouth.(72,73) Several viral agents can infect oral mucosal cells; however, only a few cause clinical manifestations.”
BackgroundIerardo, G., Luzzi, V., & Polimeni, A. (2017) · La Medicina del lavoro · doi:10.23749/mdl.v108i4.6232 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Corticosteroid therapy in Henoch-Schönlein gastritis
Pavlović, M., Radlović, N., Leković, Z., Berenji, K., & Novak, A. (2007) · Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo · doi:10.2298/sarh0704208p · Cited by 2 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As the most common form of vasculitis in children, HenochSchönlein Purpura (HSP) causes inflammation and bleeding in the small blood vessels of the skin, joints, intestines, and kidney.(150) Over 75% of children diagnosed with HSP were younger than 10 years old, with a peak incidence at 4–6 years of age.”
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The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease
Sedghi, L., DiMassa, V., Harrington, A., Lynch, S. V., & Kapila, Y. L. (2021) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/prd.12393 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases
Peng, X., Cheng, L., You, Y., Tang, C., Ren, B., Li, Y., Xu, X., & Zhou, X. (2022) · International Journal of Oral Science · doi:10.1038/s41368-022-00163-7 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Microbiota succession throughout life from the cradle to the grave
Martino, C., Dilmore, A. H., Burcham, Z. M., Metcalf, J. L., Jeste, D., & Knight, R. (2022) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00768-z · Cited by 275 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota
Boudry, G., Charton, E., Huërou‐Luron, I. L., Ferret‐Bernard, S., Gall, S. L., Even, S., & Blat, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.629740 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Oral microflora and pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jang, H., Patoine, A., Wu, T. T., Castillo, D. A., & Xiao, J. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96495-1 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationByrd, K. M., & Gulati, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.620124 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Oral-Microbiome-Brain Axis and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: An Anthropological Perspective
Bowland, G. B., & Weyrich, L. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.810008 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Association between the gut and oral microbiome with obesity
Benahmed, A. G., Gasmi, A., Doşa, A., Chirumbolo, S., Mujawdiya, P. K., Aaseth, J., Dadar, M., & Bjørklund, G. (2020) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102248 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The Oral-Gut Axis: Periodontal Diseases and Gastrointestinal Disorders
Lam, G., Albarrak, H. A., McColl, C., Pizarro, A., Sanaka, H., Gomez-Nguyen, A., Cominelli, F., & da Silva, A. P. B. (2022) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izac241 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Armed to the Teeth—The Oral Mucosa Immunity System and Microbiota
Ptasiewicz, M., Grywalska, E., Mertowska, P., Korona‐Głowniak, I., Poniewierska-Baran, A., Niedźwiedzka‐Rystwej, P., & Chałas, R. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23020882 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Low-Abundant Microorganisms: The Human Microbiome’s Dark Matter, a Scoping Review
de Cena, J. A., Zhang, J., Deng, D., Damé‐Teixeira, N., & Do, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.689197 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Ho, H.-E., Chun, Y., Jeong, S., Jumreornvong, O., Sicherer, S. H., & Bunyavanich, S. (2021) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.028 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Kunath, B. J., Hickl, O., Queirós, P., Martin‐Gallausiaux, C., Lebrun, L., Halder, R., Laczny, C. C., Schmidt, T., Hayward, M. R., Becher, D., et al. (2022) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-022-01435-4 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The mouth is considered a gateway to different organs of the body, and therefore acts as a potential reservoir for different pathogens [33].”
BackgroundA Revolutionizing Approach to Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the Microbiome
Johnson, D., Letchumanan, V., Thurairajasingam, S., & Lee, L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12071983 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The pregnancy term, mode of delivery and feeding method were other identified factors that influence the development of oral microbiota in early childhood [94].”
MethodOral Candida Predicts Streptococcus mutans Emergence in Underserved US Infants
Alkhars, N., Zeng, Y., Alomeir, N., Jallad, N. A., Wu, T. T., Aboelmagd, S., Youssef, M., Jang, H., Fogarty, C. T., & Xiao, J. (2021) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345211012385 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Second, C. albicans is an early oral cavity colonizer, and its oral colonization could start a few days after birth (Xiao et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe vicK gene of Streptococcus mutans mediates its cariogenicity via exopolysaccharides metabolism
Deng, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, B., Chen, H., Lu, Y., Ren, S., Lei, L., & Hu, T. (2021) · International Journal of Oral Science · doi:10.1038/s41368-021-00149-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tagg, J. R., Harold, L. K., Jain, R., & Hale, J. D. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1161155 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Effects of Antibiotic Use on Saliva Antibody Content and Oral Microbiota in Sprague Dawley Rats
Cheng, X., He, F., Si, M., Sun, P., & Chen, Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.721691 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The role of oral microbiota in cancer
Lan, Z., Liu, W.-J., Cui, H., Zou, K., Chen, H. H., Zhao, Y., & Yu, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253025 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Over 3 × 10 3 species of microorganisms are found on the mucosal surface, with more than 90% residing in the colon (Xiao et al., 2020; Sepich-Poore et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTriarico, S., Agresti, P., Rinninella, E., Mele, M. C., Romano, A., Attinà, G., Maurizi, P., Mastrangelo, S., & Ruggiero, A. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11040448 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Furthermore, specific changes occur in oral microbiota diversity in several healthy pediatric conditions (early childhood caries, pediatric obesity, celiac disease, autism, Henoch-Shonlein purpura disease, pediatric appendicitis, pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases, pediatric hemato-oncological diseases), as describ…”
BackgroundCheema, A. S., Trevenen, M., Turlach, B. A., Fürst, A., Roman, A. S., Bode, L., Gridneva, Z., Lai, C. T., Stinson, L. F., Payne, M. S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052804 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Infant oral microbiota are important for oral health [79] and differences in the oral microbiota between breastfed and formula-fed infants have been reported [91,95,96], however, little is known about how HMOs impact the oral microbiota.”
BackgroundAcute appendicitis manifests as two microbiome state types with oral pathogens influencing severity
Blohs, M., Mahnert, A., Brunnader, K., Flucher, C., Castellani, C., Till, H., Singer, G., & Moissl‐Eichinger, C. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2022.2145845 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Recently, the impact of oral microbes in several inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases was highlighted and received an increased amount of attention.(25,34,46,47) The history of dental health and oral cavity integrity in AA patients should be investigated in further studies as well, since both factors may show a puta…”
BackgroundCharacterization of the oral and gut microbiome in children with obesity aged 3 to 5 years
Ma, T., Wu, Z., Lin, J., Shan, C., Abasijiang, A., & Zhao, J. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1102650 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Prior studies have confirmed that changes in the oral or gut flora can reflect the characteristics of specific health conditions (Xiao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundImpact of breastfeeding and other early-life factors on the development of the oral microbiome
Arishi, R. A., Lai, C. T., Geddes, D. T., & Stinson, L. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236601 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Further work is required to clarify whether the development of the oral microbiome is primarily influenced by age or by the emergence of teeth, with a focus on various sites within the oral cavity which may be differentially impacted by the emergence of teeth (Xiao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundUllah, N., Hasnain, S. Z. U., Baloch, R., Amin, A., Nasibova, A. N., Selaković, D., Rosic, G. L., Islamov, S. Y., Naraliyeva, N., Jaradat, N. A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2024.1383620 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Poor glycemic control facilitates increased and diversi fi ed microbial growth in the oral cavity (Xiao et al., 2020), which results in an imbalance in oral microbiota (Al-Janabi, 2023).”
BackgroundThe oral microbiome of children in health and disease—a literature review
AlHarbi, S. G., Almushayt, A. S., Bamashmous, S., Abujamel, T. S., & Bamashmous, N. O. (2024) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2024.1477004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The interactions occurring between the microbiome and the human host during early life are accountable for shaping innate and acquired immune functions, as well as physiological development, which in turn have implications for future health outcomes (8).”
BackgroundFecal microbiota relationships with childhood obesity: A scoping comprehensive review
de Cuevillas, B., Milagro, F. I., Tur, J. A., Gil‐Campos, M., Miguel‐Etayo, P. D., Martínez, J. A., & Navas‐Carretero, S. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13394 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Toddler is the period from the first year of life until the child turns 4 years old.(118) At this stage, children's resident microbes may fundamentally contribute to infant and childhood immunocompetence, and inflammatory responses so it is important to study the factors modify-”
BackgroundImproved High-Throughput Sequencing of the Human Oral Microbiome: From Illumina to PacBio
Zhang, J., Su, L., Wang, Y., & Deng, S. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2020/6678872 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“A number of research studies have presented evidence for using childhood oral microbiome to predict future oral and systemic diseases [30].”
BackgroundWu, X., Fu, S., Jiang, M., Wang, J., Tang, H., Fang, C., Li, W., & Fu, C. (2022) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115537 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Stankevič, E., Kern, T., Borisevich, D., Poulsen, C. S., Madsen, A. L., Hansen, T. H., Jonsson, A. E., Schubert, M., Nygaard, N., Nielsen, T., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65538-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Microbiological Changes during Orthodontic Aligner Therapy: A Prospective Clinical Trial
Sfondrini, M. F., Butera, A., di Michele, P., Luccisano, C., Ottini, B., Sangalli, E., Gallo, S., Pascadopoli, M., Gandini, P., & Scribante, A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11156758 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Introduction Oral microbiota consists of more than 700 different kinds of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi and protozoa, which inhabits the human mouth establishing an equilibrium with consequent benefits both for the microorganisms themselves and for the guest [1].”
BackgroundShameena Beegum, P. P., Pandiselvam, R., Ramesh, S. V., Thube, S. H., Pandian, T. P., Khanashyam, A. C., Manikantan, M. R., & Hebbar, K. B. (2022) · Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods · doi:10.15586/qas.v14i2.1040 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The human oral cavity harbors more than 700 diverse microorganisms or microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Shanbhag, 2017; Xiao et al., 2020).”
Background(R)Evolution in Allergic Rhinitis Add-On Therapy: From Probiotics to Postbiotics and Parabiotics
Capponi, M., Gori, A., Castro, G. D., Ciprandi, G., Anania, C., Brindisi, G., Tosca, M., Cinicola, B. L., Salvatori, A., Loffredo, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175154 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wu, T. T., Xiao, J., Manning, S., Saraithong, P., Pattanaporn, K., Paster, B. J., Chen, T., Vasani, S., Gilbert, C., Zeng, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.881899 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Early Life Microbiota Composition in the Development of Allergic Diseases
Tuniyazi, M., Li, S., Hu, X., Fu, Y., & Zhang, N. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10061190 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Li, D., Wang, D., Yang, Y., Gao, P., Fan, W., Zhang, X., Tang, Y., Yang, W., & Cai, K. (2023) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202212016 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gao, S., & Wang, J. (2023) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1093/procel/pwad029 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Except for gut microbiome, oral microbiota is another possible harbinger for multiple children’s diseases including early childhood caries, celiac diseases, autism, Henoch-schönlein purpura disease, etc. (Xiao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAlkhars, N., Jallad, N. A., Wu, T. T., & Xiao, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290938 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Crosstalk Between Saliva Bacteria and Fungi in Early Childhood Caries
Tu, Y., Zhou, Z., Shu, C., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.845738 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Positive or Negative Connection of Diabetes Mellitus to the Oral Microbiota
al-Janabi, A. (2023) · Eurasian Journal of Medicine · doi:10.5152/eurasianjmed.2023.21164 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lupu, V. V., Butnariu, L. I., Fotea, S., Morariu, I. D., Bădescu, M. C., Stârcea, I. M., Șalaru, D. L., Popp, A., Dragan, F., Lupu, A., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153359 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Also, vaginal dysbiosis can be incriminated in the production of neonatal infections, spontaneous abortions and premature birth, in the case of young mothers [54].”
BackgroundInfluentialCagna, D. R., Donovan, T. E., McKee, J. R., Eichmiller, F. C., Metz, J. E., Marzola, R., Murphy, K. G., & Troeltzsch, M. (2022) · Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.07.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dumitrescu, R., Bolchis, V., Fratila, A. D., Jumanca, D. E., Buzatu, B. L. R., Sava-Roşianu, R., Alexa, V. T., Găluşcan, A., & Bălean, O. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13020373 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The findings showed a notable rise in publications and citations, reflecting the growing interest and acknowledgment of the oral microbiome’s importance in OSCC [17].”
InfluentialA Spectrum of Solutions: Unveiling Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Manage Autism Spectrum Disorder
Mondal, A., Sharma, R., Abiha, U., Ahmad, F., Karan, A., Jayaraj, R. L., & Sundar, V. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59091584 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ibarra, A. A. M., Hernández, L. F. B., Valbuena‐Gregorio, E., Aguirre, F. J. O., & Quintero, J. (2025) · Medicine in Microecology · doi:10.1016/j.medmic.2025.100141 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Beyond antibiotics: advances in photothermal strategies for oral infections
Wang, P., Liang, J., & Liu, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2025.1637941 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The oral microbiome, recognized as the second most complex microbial ecosystem in the human body, predominantly colonizes the surface of oral mucosa and dentition (Kilian et al., 2016; Xiao et al., 2020; Baker et al., 2024).”
Exploring the oral microbiome: an updated multidisciplinary oral healthcare perspective
Chowdhry, A., Kapoor, P., Bhargava, D., & Bagga, D. K. (2023) · Discoveries · doi:10.15190/d.2023.4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The forgotten link: how the oral microbiome shapes childhood growth and development
Tjandrawinata, R. R., Amalia, N., Tandi, Y. Y. P., Athallah, A. F., Wibowo, C. A., Aditya, M. R., Muhammad, A., Azizah, M. R., Humardani, F. M., Nojaid, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1547099 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This microbial community is inhabited by a range of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, each with their unique roles and interactions within the oral cavity, as shown in Figure 1 (18 – 20).”
Thakur, D., & Kumar, L. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Microbiology · doi:10.1080/1040841x.2025.2548490 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…in the oral microbiome, and the oral microbiome begins to remodel as tooth eruption begins leading to a decrease and complete loss in later years (Xiao et al. 2020). in children and adults after tooth eruption and changes in oral microbiome has occurred, E. coli act as a sign of fecal…”
Exploration of correlation of oral hygiene and condition with influenza infection
Kawamoto, M., Tanaka, H., Sakurai, A., Otagiri, H., Karasawa, I., Yamada, S., & Kurita, H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254981 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Reddel, S., Pascucci, G. R., Foligno, S., CHIERICO, F. D., Vernocchi, P., Marzullo, A., Pattumelli, M. G., Palma, P., Salvatori, G., & Putignani, L. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020468 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The oral microbiota and gestational diabetes mellitus
Corrêa, J. D., Faria, G. A., & Fernandes, L. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1120920 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
CRAMdb: a comprehensive database for composition and roles of microbiome in animals
Lei, B., Xu, Y., Lei, Y., Li, C., Zhou, P., Wang, L., Yang, Q., Li, X., Li, F., Liu, C., et al. (2022) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac973 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Oral Microbiota Development in the First 60 Months: A Longitudinal Study
Yama, K., Morishima, S., Tsutsumi, K., Jo, R., Aita, Y., Inokuchi, T., Okuda, T., Watai, D., Ohara, K., Maruyama, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345241272011 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Tooth eruption and dietary changes are considered primary influencers of oral cavity alterations during this period (Mason et al. 2018; Sulyanto et al. 2019; Könönen 2000; Xiao et al. 2020).”
Salivary Microbiome Diversity in Kuwaiti Adolescents with Varied Body Mass Index—A Pilot Study
Alqaderi, H. E., Ramakodi, M. P., Nizam, R., Jacob, S. P., Devarajan, S., Eaaswarkhanth, M., & Al‐Mulla, F. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9061222 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The interest in exploring salivary microbiota has been escalating due to its potential role in human health and disease [9,25].”
BackgroundHolgerson, P. L., Esberg, A., West, C. E., & Johansson, I. (2022) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-022-02328-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dental Caries, Dental Erosion and Periodontal Disease in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Haznedaroğlu, E., & Polat, E. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.83075 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This finding is similar to those of previous studies [6,32,35,37-39].”
Zhou, S., He, T., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Pediatric Discovery · doi:10.1002/pdi3.35 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Choi, W., & Hong, J. (2025) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123610 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ruan, J., Liao, Y.-C., Chen, P.-C., Chen, Y., Tsai, Y.-H., Tsai, P.-J., Yang, Y., Shieh, C., Lin, Y., & Chi, C. (2023) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2023.07.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Parents with periodontitis drive the early acquisition of dysbiotic microbiomes in their offspring
Reis, A. A., Monteiro, M. F., Bonilha, G. M., Saraiva, L. M., Araújo, C. F., Santamaria, M. P., Casati, M. Z., Kumar, P., & Casarin, R. C. V. (2023) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.13815 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The metagenome and metabolome signatures of dental biofilms associated with severe dental fluorosis
Ajrithirong, P., Krasaesin, A., Sriarj, W., Gavila, P., Chetruengchai, W., Sriwattanapong, K., Manaspon, C., Samaranayake, L., & Porntaveetus, T. (2025) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2025.2560591 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Salivary microbiome in children with Down syndrome: a case-control study
Morishima, S., Takeda, K., Greenan, S., & Maki, Y. (2022) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02480-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Huang, P., Li, W., Guan, J., Jia, Y., Wang, D., Chen, Y., Xiao, N., Ou, S., Wang, Y., & Yang, B. (2025) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb16010025 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The second challenge in oral treatment arises from exposure to the high diversity of the oral microbiome for the external environment, which encompasses over 700 microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria [37].”
Song, Q., Xiao, B., Huang, H., Ma, L., Zhang, J. V., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04630-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Multi-omics analysis reveals the host–microbe interactions in aged rhesus macaques
Xu, J., Lan, Y., Wang, X., Shang, K., Liu, X., Wang, J., Li, J., Yue, B., Shao, M., & Fan, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.993879 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In addition, oral bacteria are implicated in oral and dental health as well as many diseases that affect the elderly, such as non-oral cancers, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer’s disease (Hezel and Weitzberg, 2015; Olsen and Singhrao, 2015; Shoemark and Allen, 2015; Fan et al., 2018; Xiao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWu, T. T., Sohn, M. B., Manning, S., Beblavy, R., Gill, S. R., Quataert, S. A., Vasani, S., Jang, H., Zeng, Y., Bruno, J. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-03997-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“When assessing the longitudinal influence of the mothers on the establishment of children’s oral microbiome, the impact first occurs when the babies are still in the womb [10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchulz‐Weidner, N., Weigel, M., Turujlija, F., Komma, K., Mengel, J. P., Schlenz, M. A., Bulski, J. C., Krämer, N., & Hain, T. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9091904 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
KOMB: K-core based de novo characterization of copy number variation in microbiomes
Balaji, A., Sapoval, N., Seto, C., Elworth, R. A. L., Fu, Y., Nute, M., Savidge, T., Segarra, S., & Treangen, T. J. (2022) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.019 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bacterioplankton Richness and Composition in a Seasonal Urban River
Xiao, Z., Li, G., Zhao, Y., Xiao, K., Chen, Q., Bao, P., Tang, J., Ruan, T., Zama, E. F., & Xu, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.731227 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Since microbes play an essential role in the biogeochemical cycling of trace elements and are closely related to human health, there is a growing concern about the conservation of microbial biodiversity (Reese et al., 2016; Xiao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe microbiota of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 and their infants
Leftwich, H. K., Vargas-Robles, D., Rojas-Correa, M., Yap, Y. R., Bhattarai, S. K., Ward, D. V., Fujimori, G., Forconi, C. S., Yeboah, T., Carter, A., et al. (2023) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01577-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dalix, E., & Marotte, H. (2024) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105822 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tongue coating microbiota-based machine learning for diagnosing digestive system tumours
Ma, Y., Jiang, Z., Wang, Y., Pan, L., Liu, K., Xia, R., Li, Y., & Cheng, X. (2025) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2025.2487645 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…an increasing number of studies have confirmed that changes in the oral microbiome are not only direct precursors to oral diseases such as periodontitis and oral cancer [10,11], but oral microbial dysbiosis can also lead to systemic diseases, particularly digestive sys-tem diseases [12,13].”
NorthPop: a prospective population-based birth cohort study
West, C. E., Holgerson, P. L., Chmielewska, A., Lundberg, R., Lagerqvist, C., Sjöström, E. S., Wulff, K., Sandström, O., Mogren, I., Silfverdal, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23561-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The oral microbiota and children’s dietary patterns are primarily causing caries disease, but other external and internal factors contribute [52].”
Olate, P., Martínez, A., Sans-Serramitjana, E., Cortés, M., Díaz, R., Hernández, G., Paz, E. A., Sepúlveda, N., & Quiñones, J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167983 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“As children grow, the oral microbiome continues to transform in response to tooth eruption, dietary diversification, and progressive divergence from the maternal oral microbiota [25].”
Jang, H., Jallad, N. A., Wu, T. T., Zeng, Y., Fadaak, A., Malmström, H., Fiscella, K. A., & Xiao, J. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07871 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Traditional microbial risk markers for caries include Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species [24].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDuque, C., Chrisostomo, D. A., Souza, A. C. A., Braga, G. P. D. A., dos Santos, V. R., Caiaffa, K. S., Pereira, J. A., de Oliveira, W. C., Ribeiro, A. A., & Parisotto, T. M. (2022) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573396318666220811124848 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fernandes, M., Azevedo, M. J., Campos, C., Ferreira, A. F., Azevedo, Á. F., Falcão‐Pires, I., Zaura, E., Ramalho, C. M. A., Campos, J., & Sampaio‐Maia, B. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12010080 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The host–microbiome dyad regulates paramount aspects of host physiology, metabolism, immunity, and neurologic function [2].”
BackgroundCould there be an interplay between periodontal changes and pancreatic malignancies?
Ungureanu, B. S., Gheorghe, D. N., Nicolae, F. M., Râmboiu, S., Radu, P. A., Şurlin, V., Strâmbu, V., Gheonea, D. I., Roman, A., & Șurlin, P. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i3.545 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Angelopoulou, A., Harris, H. M. B., Warda, A. K., O'Shea, C., Lavelle, A., Ryan, C. A., Dempsey, E. M., Stanton, C., Hill, C., & Ross, R. P. (2024) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.04051-23 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Using LEfSe, we did observe an increase in the genus Streptococcus in samples with an SCC of ≥250,000, with increasing abundance from H to SM, to CM. Streptococcus is a core member of the human milk microbiota, and Streptococcus spp. are dominant commensals in the oral cavity of infants (41).”
Natal factors influencing newborn’s oral microbiome diversity
Kim, Y., Lee, T., Kim, H., Jeong, S. J., Han, J. H., Shin, J. E., Lee, J. H., & Kang, C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78609-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Park, J. W., Lee, K. E., Choi, D. H., Kim, Y.-K., Lee, W. H., Kim, M. S., Sung, H. W. J., Chang, J. W., & Park, Y. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49871-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Oral bacteria are substantial risk factors for systemic disorders such as diabetes, preterm birth, and cardiovascular disease, as the oral cavity is a clinically relevant microbial habitat and a gateway to the gut 2,13 .”
Wu, S., Ye, X., Wang, J., Li, M., Fu, Y., & Wang, S. (2026) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1016/j.neo.2026.101290 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
You, Y., Yin, M., Zheng, X., Liang, Q., Zhang, H., Wu, B., & Xu, W. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15605 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Unlike the microbiome of other parts of the body, the oral microbiome is considered to be highly diverse ( Xiao, Fiscella & Gill, 2020 ).”
Ghadimi, D., Ebsen, M., Röcken, C., Fölster‐Holst, R., Groessner‐Schreiber, B., Dörfer, C. E., & Bockelmann, W. (2022) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530322666220408215101 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pivrncova, E., Burešová, L., Kotásková, I., Videnska, P., Andrýsková, L., Piler, P., Janků, P., Borek, I., Böhm, J., Klánová, J., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-68953-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The genera Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Veillonella , and Lactobacillus are recognized as the first oral colonizers 55,57,58 .”
BackgroundImpact of ovalbumin allergy on oral and gut microbiome dynamics in 6-week-old BALB/c mice
Qiao, C., Bian, S., Huang, H., Xiao, H., Ma, L., & Han, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1439452 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This evolution leads to a diverse and intricate microbiome that is closely linked to the gut microbiota in both early stages of life and disease (Escapa et al., 2018; Xiao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSjödin, K. S., Sjödin, A., Rydén, P., Mogren, I., Domellöf, M., Holgerson, P. L., & West, C. E. (2025) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-025-04521-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ahearn-Ford, S., Kakaroukas, A., Young, G. R., Nelson, A., Berkeveld, M. A., van Elburg, R. M., Smith, D., Berrington, J. E., Embleton, N. D., & Stewart, C. J. (2025) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00667-25 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The oral cavity contains the second most diverse microbial community of the human body after the gut and harbors a distinct community of microbes, which may colonize the gut and have been associated with various oral and systemic diseases (9).”
The pediatric oral mycobiome: a comprehensive review of its role in health and disease
Xiang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1711789 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The tongue microbiome of young patients with chronic kidney disease and their healthy mothers
Höfer, K. C., Weber, L. T., Barbe, A. G., Graf, I., Thom, S., Nowag, A., Scholz, C. J., Wisplinghoff, H., Noack, M. J., & Jazmati, N. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05492-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The primary diseases of the patients were as follows: congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), 11; glomerulopa-thy, 9; ciliopathy, 7; systemic disease, 1; and other diseases, 2.”
Ogaya, Y., Kadota, T., Hamada, M., Nomura, R., & Nakano, K. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2339158 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“During and after birth, newborns are exposed to a variety of microorganisms, but only some of them colonize the oral cavity [34].”
BackgroundImportance of Interkingdom Interactions Among Oral Microbiome Towards Caries Development – A Review
Balakrishnan, K., Sivanesan, D., Mohan, G., Gunthe, S. S., & Verma, R. S. (2021) · Journal of Immunological Sciences · doi:10.29245/2578-3009/2021/2.1211 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Oral Microbiome and Oral Cancer
Perera, M. L., Perera, I. R., & Tilakaratne, W. M. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119893035.ch7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neumann, C., Mohammadzadeh, R., Woh, P. Y., Kobal, T., Pausan, M.-R., Shinde, T., Haid, V., Mertelj, P., Weiss, E., Kolovetsiou-Kreiner, V., et al. (2024) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.01071-24 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, little is known about the possible interaction and parallel development of the GIT and oral microbiomes (6, 12, 13).”
InfluentialImmonen, E., Paulamäki, L., Piippo, H., Nikkilä, A., Aine, L., Peltomäki, T., Lohi, O., & Parikka, M. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-06405-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Haraguchi, M., Kim, Y., Watanabe, N., Yamazaki, K., Newman, K. L., Gillilland, M. G., Guo, Y., Watanabe, D., Bergin, I. L., Suzuki, T., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115974 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“35,36 While the mother-to-infant transmission of oral microbes is a natural step in establishing a healthy oral microbiota in offspring, it can also lead to a potential acquisition of “unwanted” oral pathobionts.”
Cultivable Oral Microbiota in Puppies
Kačírová, J., Horňáková, Ľ., Maďari, A., Mravcová, K., & Maďar, M. (2021) · Folia veterinaria · doi:10.2478/fv-2021-0029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Escherichia coli along with Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are highly prevalent in the first several months of an infant’s life, before tooth eruption [21].”
BackgroundOral microbiome characteristics in patients with pediatric solid tumor
Cui, X., Du, X., Cui, X., Fan, R., Pan, J., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1286522 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The oral microbiome is closely associated with children’s health (Xiao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAmin, M., Khan, F. R., Allana, A. R., Barolia, R., & Azam, I. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04093-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A diverse range of bacteria thrive in the oral cavity and oral cavity acts as a harbor to them and there is a possibility of acquiring oral complications during cancer treatment [3].”
Background
- Authors
- Xiao, J., Fiscella, K. A., & Gill, S. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xiao, Jin
- Gill, Steven R.
- Venue
- International Journal of Oral Science
- Published
- 2020-04-30
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-12
- ISSN
- 1674-2818 (ISSN-L)
- 2049-3169
- PMC
- PMC7190716
- OpenAlex
- W3022810381
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Oral Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (K23 DE027412)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Keywords
- oral microbiota, early childhood, salivary diagnostics, disease prediction, oral diseases, systemic disease, dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, point-of-care testing, infant oral microbiota
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, Child, Humans, Infant, Mouth, Microbiota
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