Dissociable Roles of Right Inferior Frontal Cortex and Anterior Insula in Inhibitory Control: Evidence from Intrinsic and Task-Related Functional Parcellation, Connectivity, and Response Profile Analyses across Multiple Datasets
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The right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and the right anterior insula (rAI) have been implicated consistently in inhibitory control, but their differential roles are poorly understood. Here we use multiple quantitative techniques to dissociate the functional organization and roles of the rAI and rIFC. We first conducted a meta-analysis of 70 published inhibitory control studies to generate a commonly activated right fronto-opercular cortex volume of interest (VOI). We then segmented this VOI using two types of features: (1) intrinsic brain activity; and (2) stop-signal task-evoked hemodynamic response profiles. In both cases, segmentation algorithms identified two stable and distinct clusters encompassing the rAI and rIFC. The rAI and rIFC clusters exhibited several distinct functional characteristics. First, the rAI showed stronger intrinsic and task-evoked functional connectivity with the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas the rIFC had stronger intrinsic and task-evoked functional connectivity with dorsomedial prefrontal and lateral fronto-parietal cortices. Second, the rAI showed greater activation than the rIFC during Unsuccessful, but not Successful, Stop trials, and multivoxel response profiles in the rAI, but not the rIFC, accurately differentiated between Successful and Unsuccessful Stop trials. Third, activation in the rIFC, but not rAI, predicted individual differences in inhibitory control abilities. Crucially, these findings were replicated in two independent cohorts of human participants. Together, our findings provide novel quantitative evidence for the dissociable roles of the rAI and rIFC in inhibitory control. We suggest that the rAI is particularly important for detecting behaviorally salient events, whereas the rIFC is more involved in implementing inhibitory control.
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Both insula and dACC are components of the SN, but they subserve different functions, with insula more related to internal somatic function and monitoring task performance, while the dACC is
“However, while both insula and dACC are components of the SN, they subserve different functions, with insula more related to internal somatic function and monitoring task performance (Eckert et al. 2009;Menon and Uddin 2010;Cai et al. 2014), while the dACC is”
From Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis (2016) · cites this paper as Cai et al. 2014
In “Intrinsic and task-evoked responses” (page not provided), the paper identifies the anterior insula and ACC as salience-network nodes involved in detecting events such as stop signals and errors. Its response-profile analysis links the right anterior insula to stop-trial outcomes, but it does not establish the claimed functional distinction between the insula and dACC. The “Meta-analysis of 70 published inhibitory control tasks” section associates interoception with other insular subdivisions, not the anterior-dorsal subdivision studied here. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe insula is involved in processing body control and experience, emotion, empathy, and time through its extensive connections to cortical and subcortical limbic structures.
“the insula is involved in the processing of body control and experience, emotion, empathy, and time through its extensive connections to cortical and subcortical limbic structures (Menon and Uddin 2010;Cai et al. 2014).”
From Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis (2016) · cites this paper as Cai et al. 2014
The meta-analysis section says that anterior-ventral and posterior insular subdivisions have been implicated in affective and interoceptive processes, which partly supports the references to emotion and bodily experience. The intrinsic functional connectivity section reports connections between the right anterior insula and several cortical and subcortical regions. Neither passage supports empathy or time processing, nor establishes that the listed functions arise through connections to limbic structures. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe right anterior insula has been proposed to represent a hub that controls brain activity across different tasks and stimulus modalities to initiate and adjust cognitive control mechanisms.
“The right anterior insula has been proposed to represent a hub that controls brain activity across different tasks and stimulus modalities to initiate and adjust cognitive control mechanisms (Cai et al. 2014).”
From Large-scale functional neural network correlates of response inhibition: an fMRI meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Cai et al. 2014
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- Authors
- Cai, W., Ryali, S., Chen, T., Li, C.-S. R., & Menon, V.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2014-10-29
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 44
- Pages
- 14652-14667
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4212065
- OpenAlex
- W2060881658
- Cited by
- 362
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 15.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA021449, R01AA021449)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA026990, DA023248, R01DA023248, K02DA026990)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RF1NS086085, NS071221, R21NS071221, NS086085, R01NS086085)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K25HD074652)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- inhibitory control, right inferior frontal cortex, right anterior insula, stop-signal task, functional parcellation, intrinsic brain activity, functional connectivity, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, individual differences, saliency detection
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Executive Function
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