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Cited by 564Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting MaterialsElectrochemical sensors and biosensorsAnalytical Chemistry and Sensors

Integrated textile sensor patch for real-time and multiplex sweat analysis

Open access
He, Wenya, Wang, Chunya, Wang, Huimin, Jian, Muqiang, Lu, Wangdong, Liang, Xiaoping, Zhang, Xin, Yang, Fengchun +1 more·2019·Science Advances
DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aax0649PMC PMC6839936
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Abstract

We report a sweat analysis patch based on silk-derived carbon textile for simultaneous detection of six health-related biomarkers.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper reports a flexible wearable sweat-analysis patch based on silk-derived, intrinsically nitrogen-doped carbon textile (SilkNCT) that integrates six electrochemical sensors for multiplex detection of glucose, lactate, ascorbic acid, uric acid, Na+, and K+. The patch showed high sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability in vitro and, as a proof of concept, on-body sweat glucose measurements were consistent with HPLC-MS.

Key findings

  • SilkNCT carbonized at 900°C gave the highest electrochemical activity, with lower charge-transfer resistance and higher Faradaic current than 800° or 1050°C materials; carbonized cotton fabric performed worse, attributed to lack of N.
  • The six sensors had the following reported performance: glucose sensitivity 6.3 nA μM−1, linear range 25–300 μM, LOD 5 μM; lactate sensitivity 174.0 nA mM−1, linear range 5–35 mM, LOD 0.5 mM; AA sensitivity 22.7 nA μM−1, linear range 20–300 μM, LOD 1 μM; UA sensitivity 196.6 nA μM−1, linear range 2.5–115 μM, LOD 0.1 μM; Na+ sensitivity 51.8 mV per decade, linear range 5–100 mM, LOD 1 mM; K+ sensitivity 31.8 mV per decade, linear range 1.25–40 mM, LOD 0.5 mM.
  • Reproducibility across different batches showed RSDs of 3.6% for glucose, 4.2% for lactate, 2.8% for AA, 3.9% for UA, 8.2% for Na+, and 7.5% for K+. Over 4 weeks, RSDs were 6.4% for glucose, 5.4% for lactate, 0.8% for AA, 3.4% for UA, 2.9% for Na+, and 1.8% for K+.
  • The integrated patch enabled wireless, on-body sweat analysis; glucose concentrations measured by the patch in a volunteer’s sweat were consistent with HPLC-MS.

Methods

  • Silk fabric was carbonized under an argon/hydrogen atmosphere with a final temperature of 900°C for the working electrodes, while 800° and 1050°C materials were compared for optimization. A Ni-coated conductive textile tape was patterned by digital laser processing, and SilkNCT pieces were assembled into a flexible sensor array on PET with Ecoflex insulation.
  • Sensors included enzyme-based amperometric glucose and lactate sensors using Pt nanosphere–decorated SilkNCT with glucose oxidase or lactate oxidase/chitosan; direct DPV sensors for AA and UA using pristine SilkNCT; and ion-selective Na+ and K+ sensors using PEDOT:PSS as ion-electron transducer and selective membranes. Electrochemical measurements used CV, DPV, chronoamperometry, OCP, and EIS in PBS.
  • On-body evaluation was performed in five healthy subjects aged 20 to 30 years. A wristband-mounted patch transmitted data wirelessly to a smartphone via Bluetooth during cycling for half an hour; sweat was simultaneously collected for comparison with HPLC-MS.

Limitations

  • The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. Evident from the text: on-body validation against a reference method was reported only for glucose, while the other five biomarkers were not shown to be validated on-body against HPLC-MS.
  • The on-body evaluation involved five healthy subjects aged 20 to 30 years, and the real-time demonstration is described as a proof of concept; broader populations, disease states, and long-term wearable conditions are not addressed in the text.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/sciadv.aax0649

Cites

48 of 48 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 26 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    SilkNCT obtained at 900°C displayed the highest Faraday current.

    “CV curves in Fig. 1H show the electrochemical activity of SilkNCT using [Fe(CN)6]4−/[Fe(CN)6]3− redox couple as an electrochemical probe, revealing that SilkNCT obtained at 900°C displayed the highest Faraday current.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The C1s spectrum confirms the presence of the C-N structure in SilkNCT.

    “The C1s spectrum also confirms the presence of the C-N structure (fig. S3B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    SilkNCT has high electrical conductivity owing to its intrinsically N-doped graphitic nanocarbon structure and hierarchical woven, porous structure.

    “SilkNCT, with high electrical conductivity owing to its intrinsically N-doped graphitic nanocarbon structure, as well as the hierarchical woven, porous structure, was directly used or combined with other compounds to serve as the working electrode of the wearable electrochemical sensor.”
    • Also stated in: § Morphology and structure of SilkNCT · plain
      “The sp2-hybridized hexagonal carbon structure and the intrinsic doping of N provide SilkNCT with good electrical conductivity and abundant active sites, which are beneficial for SilkNCT as efficient electrochemical electrode materials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Pristine silk fabric contains C, N, and O elements at 51.79, 28.87, and 18.51%, respectively.

    “In comparison, the pristine silk fabric is composed of C, N, and O elements with the contents of 51.79, 28.87, and 18.51%, respectively (see fig. S3A and table S1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    SilkNCT contains C, N, and O elements at 81.25, 3.3, and 15.45%, respectively.

    “The contents of C, N, and O elements are 81.25, 3.3, and 15.45%, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 20
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The sweat analysis patch based on silk-derived carbon textile can simultaneously detect six health-related biomarkers (glucose, lactate, ascorbic acid, uric acid, Na+, and K+) with high sensitivity, good selectivity, and long-term stability.

    “We report a sweat analysis patch based on silk-derived carbon textile for simultaneous detection of six health-related biomarkers.”
    • Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · hedged
      “The flexible patch with the integrated SilkNCT-based sensor array could simultaneously detect six biomarkers (glucose, lactate, AA, UA, Na+, and K+) with high sensitivity, good selectivity, and long-term stability.”
    • Also stated in: § Design and fabrication of wearable sweat analysis patch · plain
      “Six electrochemical sensors are integrated into the flexible patch (Fig. 1B), allowing simultaneous detection of six health-related biomarkers (glucose, lactate, AA, UA, Na+, and K+).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Carbonized cotton fabric has worse sensing performance than SilkNCT, possibly because it lacks N.

    “The results show that carbonized cotton fabric has obviously worse sensing performance than SilkNCT, which may be ascribed to the fact that it lacks N.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    SilkNCT has good water wettability, which contributes to quick diffusion of electrolyte and efficient electrochemical reaction on the SilkNCT electrode.

    “Note that as-obtained SilkNCT has good water wettability (fig. S2), which contributes to the quick diffusion of electrolyte, and, accordingly, the efficient electrochemical reaction on the SilkNCT electrode.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The sweat analysis patch was integrated with signal collection and transmission circuit components, realizing on-body, real-time monitoring of multiple biomarkers in sweat.

    “Furthermore, the sweat analysis patch was integrated with signal collection and transmission circuit components, realizing the on-body, real-time monitoring of multiple biomarkers in sweat.”
    • Also stated in: § Integrated sensing patch for wireless, on-body, and real-time sweat analysis · plain
      “Furthermore, the flexible, multiplex sensing patch was integrated with a signal collection and transmission circuit component to work as a wireless, on-body, and real-time sweat analysis patch.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    SilkNCT has a graphitic nanocarbon structure, indicated by TEM showing distorted lattice fringes with an interlayer spacing of ~0.36 nm corresponding to the (002) plane of hexagonal graphite.

    “Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of SilkNCT, as shown in Fig. 1E, displays the distorted lattice fringes with an interlayer spacing of ~0.36 nm, which belongs to the interplanar spacing of the (002) plane for hexagonal graphite (36), indicating the graphitic nanocarbon structure of SilkNCT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Yoon S. B., Chai G. S., Kang S. K., Yu J.-S., Gierszal K. P., Jaroniec M., Graphitized pitch-based carbons with ordered nanopores synthesized by using colloidal crystals as templates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 4188– 4189 (2005). 15783198 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Compared to SilkNCT obtained at 1050°C, SilkNCT obtained at 900°C contains more N, mostly active pyridinic N and graphitic N, which contribute to high activity toward electrochemical reaction.

    “Compared to SilkNCT obtained at 1050°C, SilkNCT obtained at 900°C contains obviously more N, where most of the N is active pyridinic N and graphitic N, which are proved to contribute to high activity toward electrochemical reaction (38, 39).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] He W., Jiang C., Wang J., Lu L., High-rate oxygen electroreduction over graphitic-N species exposed on 3D hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbons. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 9503– 9507 (2014). 25044805 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [39] He L., Weniger F., Neumann H., Beller M., Synthesis, characterization, and application of metal nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped carbon: Catalysis beyond electrochemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55, 12582– 12594 (2016). 27601266 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The smart sweat patch was used to monitor glucose concentration in a volunteer's perspiration, and the results were comparable with commercial HPLC-MS.

    “As a proof of concept, the smart sweat patch was used to monitor the glucose concentration in a volunteer’s perspiration, and the results were comparable with commercial high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).”
    • Also stated in: § Integrated sensing patch for wireless, on-body, and real-time sweat analysis · hedged
      “The results of our sweat analysis patch are consistent with those from HPLC-MS (Fig. 4C), indicating good reliability and great potential of the wearable sweat analysis patch for noninvasive human health monitoring.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    SilkNCT with higher carbonization temperature had higher electrical conductivity, attributed to enhanced graphitization degree.

    “The I-V curves of SilkNCT prepared with different carbonization temperatures (800°, 900°, and 1050°C) show that SilkNCT with higher carbonization temperature had higher electrical conductivity (fig. S4), which could be attributed to the fact that higher temperature leads to enhanced graphitization degree.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The N1s spectrum of SilkNCT can be fitted by four peaks attributed to pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, quaternary or graphitic N, and pyridine N-oxide N, indicating that part of N elements in pristine silk transformed into N substituents in graphitic carbon.

    “Figure 1F shows that the N1s spectrum could be fitted by four peaks attributed to the pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, quaternary or graphitic N, and pyridine N-oxide N, respectively, indicating that part of N elements in pristine silk has transformed into N substituents in graphitic carbon (34, 35, 37).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [34] Wang C., Xie N.-H., Zhang Y., Huang Z., Xia K., Wang H., Guo S., Xu B.-Q., Zhang Y., Silk-derived highly active oxygen electrocatalysts for flexible and rechargeable Zn–Air batteries. Chem. Mater. 31, 1023– 1029 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Wang C., Chen W., Xia K., Xie N., Wang H., Zhang Y., Silk-derived 2D porous carbon nanosheets with atomically-dispersed Fe-Nx -C sites for highly efficient oxygen reaction catalysts. Small 15, 1804966 (2019). 30673170 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Lim S. H., Li R., Ji W., Lin J., Effects of nitrogenation on single-walled carbon nanotubes within density functional theory. Phys. Rev. B 76, 195406 (2007). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    SilkNCT has well-reserved woven structures inherited from pristine silk fabric, with weft yarns composed of parallel fibers and warp yarns composed of twisted fibers.

    “SilkNCT has well-reserved woven structures inherited from the pristine silk fabric, in which the weft yarns are composed of parallel fibers and the warp yarns are composed of twisted fibers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The RSDs for the sensors are 3.6% for glucose, 4.2% for lactate, 2.8% for AA, 3.9% for UA, 8.2% for Na+, and 7.5% for K+.

    “The relative standard deviations (RSDs) are 3.6% for glucose, 4.2% for lactate, 2.8% for AA, 3.9% for UA, 8.2% for Na+, and 7.5% for K+, demonstrating the good reproducibility of these sensors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The developed sweat analysis patch is flexible and multiplex.

    “In summary, on the basis of SilkNCT, we developed a flexible, multiplex sweat analysis patch with high sensitivity, good selectivity, long-term stability, and good repeatability for monitoring of six health-related biomarkers (glucose, lactate, AA, UA, Na+, and K+).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The RSDs for long-term stability are 6.4% for glucose, 5.4% for lactate, 0.8% for AA, 3.4% for UA, 2.9% for Na+, and 1.8% for K+.

    “In addition, the electrochemical responses of the SilkNCT-based sensors showed negligible changes over 4 weeks (Fig. 3, G to I, and fig. S12, D to F), with RSDs of 6.4% for glucose, 5.4% for lactate, 0.8% for AA, 3.4% for UA, 2.9% for Na+, and 1.8% for K+.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The integrated patch can be fixed on the arm of a volunteer and track biomarkers in sweat in real time, with results displayed by a smartphone.

    “As a proof of concept, we used a wristband to fix the integrated patch on the arm of a volunteer and showed its performance for real-time sweat analysis.”
    • Also stated in: § Integrated sensing patch for wireless, on-body, and real-time sweat analysis · hedged
      “Figure 4B shows that the biomarkers in the sweat of the volunteer (in physical activity) can be tracked in real time by the sweat analysis patch, and the results could be displayed by a smartphone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    SilkNCT obtained at 1050°C has relatively higher electrical conductivity than SilkNCT obtained at lower temperature.

    “SilkNCT obtained at 1050°C was selected as the counter electrode due to its relatively higher electrical conductivity compared with SilkNCT obtained at lower temperature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    SilkNCT has an intrinsically N-doped graphitic nanocarbon structure and a hierarchical woven, porous structure.

    “The intrinsically N-doped graphitic nanocarbon structure and the hierarchical woven, porous structure provided SilkNCT with good electrical conductivity and much access to reactants as well as facilitated electron transmission.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Various materials have been used as working electrodes, such as noble metals (Au and Ag), metallic oxides, graphene, and carbon black.

    “Various materials have been used as working electrodes, such as noble metal (Au and Ag) (20–22), metallic oxides (23, 24), graphene (25, 26), and carbon black (27).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [20] Emaminejad S., Gao W., Wu E., Davies Z. A., Yin Yin Nyein H., Challa S., Ryan S. P., Fahad H. M., Chen K., Shahpar Z., Talebi S., Milla C., Javey A., Davis R. W., Autonomous sweat extraction and analysis applied to cystic fibrosis and glucose monitoring using a fully integrated wearable platform. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, 4625– 4630 (2017). 28416667 PMC5422810 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Wang Y., Qiu Y., Ameri S. K., Jang H., Dai Z., Huang Y., Lu N., Low-cost, μm-thick, tape-free electronic tattoo sensors with minimized motion and sweat artifacts. npj Flex. Electron. 2, 6 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Wang S., Wu Y., Gu Y., Li T., Luo H., Li L. H., Bai Y., Li L., Liu L., Cao Y., Ding H., Zhang T., Wearable sweatband sensor platform based on gold nanodendrite array as efficient solid contact of ion-selective electrode. Anal. Chem. 89, 10224– 10231 (2017). 28862001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Munje R. D., Muthukumar S., Prasad S., Lancet-free and label-free diagnostics of glucose in sweat using zinc oxide based flexible bioelectronics. Sensor. Actuat. B Chem. 238, 482– 490 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [24] Bhide A., Muthukumar S., Saini A., Prasad S., Simultaneous lancet-free monitoring of alcohol and glucose from low-volumes of perspired human sweat. Sci. Rep. 8, 6507 (2018). 29695724 PMC5916883 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Lee H., Choi T. K., Lee Y. B., Cho H. R., Ghaffari R., Wang L., Choi H. J., Chung T. D., Lu N., Hyeon T., Choi S. H., Kim D. H., A graphene-based electrochemical device with thermoresponsive microneedles for diabetes monitoring and therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 566– 572 (2016). 26999482 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Wang Z., Dong S., Gui M., Asif M., Wang W., Wang F., Liu H., Graphene paper supported MoS2 nanocrystals monolayer with Cu submicron-buds: High-performance flexible platform for sensing in sweat. Anal. Biochem. 543, 82– 89 (2018). 29233679 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sweat contains various health-related biomarkers including biomolecules (ascorbic acid and uric acid), metabolites (glucose and lactate), and electrolytes (Na+ and K+).

    “In addition to blood samples, sweat contains various health-related biomarkers including biomolecules [e.g., ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA)], metabolites (e.g., glucose and lactate), and electrolytes (e.g., Na+ and K+) and thus has been chosen for noninvasively assessing individual’s physiological state by detecting biomarkers in sweat (6, 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Sonner Z., Wilder E., Heikenfeld J., Kasting G., Beyette F., Swaile D., Sherman F., Joyce J., Hagen J., Kelley-Loughnane N., Naik R., The microfluidics of the eccrine sweat gland, including biomarker partitioning, transport, and biosensing implications. Biomicrofluidics 9, 031301 (2015). 26045728 PMC4433483 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [7] Bariya M., Nyein H. Y. Y., Javey A., Wearable sweat sensors. Nat. Electron. 1, 160– 171 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The electrochemical method is the most popular way for sweat analysis owing to relatively high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response, and good compatibility.

    “The electrochemical method is the most popular way owing to advantages of relatively high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response, as well as good compatibility (16–19).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [16] Jin Z. H., Liu Y. L., Chen J. J., Cai S. L., Xu J. Q., Huang W. H., Conductive polymer-coated carbon nanotubes to construct stretchable and transparent electrochemical sensors. Anal. Chem. 89, 2032– 2038 (2017). 28029034 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Kim J., Kumar R., Bandodkar A. J., Wang J., Advanced materials for printed wearable electrochemical devices: A review. Adv. Electron. Mater. 3, 1600260 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [18] Liu Y. L., Qin Y., Jin Z. H., Hu X. B., Chen M. M., Liu R., Amatore C., Huang W. H., A stretchable electrochemical sensor for inducing and monitoring cell mechanotransduction in real time. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 56, 9454– 9458 (2017). 28636246 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Bandodkar A. J., Wang J., Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: A review. Trends Biotechnol. 32, 363– 371 (2014). 24853270 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The synergistic effect of the above factors endows SilkNCT obtained at 900°C with lower charge-transfer resistance and higher electrochemical activity than that obtained at other temperatures, making it preferable for serving as the working electrode of electrochemical sensors.

    “The synergistic effect of the above factors endows SilkNCT obtained at 900°C with lower charge-transfer resistance and higher electrochemical activity than that obtained at other temperatures, making it preferable for serving as the working electrode of electrochemical sensors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The unique woven structure of SilkNCT endows it with hierarchical and porous structure, benefiting efficient electron transmission and abundant access to reactants.

    “The unique woven structure endows SilkNCT with hierarchical and porous structure, benefiting to the efficient electron transmission and abundant access to reactants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The sp2-hybridized hexagonal carbon structure and intrinsic N doping provide SilkNCT with good electrical conductivity and abundant active sites, beneficial for efficient electrochemical electrode materials.

    “The sp2-hybridized hexagonal carbon structure and the intrinsic doping of N provide SilkNCT with good electrical conductivity and abundant active sites, which are beneficial for SilkNCT as efficient electrochemical electrode materials.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This work provides a promising strategy for the fabrication of wearable, multiplex sweat analysis devices.

    “This work provides a promising strategy for the fabrication of wearable, multiplex sweat analysis devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Wearable electrochemical sweat analysis devices still confront notable challenges, such as relatively low sensitivity and selectivity in simultaneous measurement of multiple biomarkers as well as complexity in fabrication procedure.
    • Rests on an assumption: Common electrode materials (noble metals, metallic oxides, graphene, carbon black) have limitations such as poor stability, inferior electrical conductivity, and limited flexibility and wettability.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The wearable sweat analysis patch has good reliability and great potential for noninvasive human health monitoring.

    “The results of our sweat analysis patch are consistent with those from HPLC-MS (Fig. 4C), indicating good reliability and great potential of the wearable sweat analysis patch for noninvasive human health monitoring.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Reproducibility of the sensors was assessed by comparing electrochemical responses of five samples fabricated in different batches.

    “To investigate the reproducibility of the sensors, the electrochemical responses of five samples fabricated in different batches were compared.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Stability of the sensors was assessed by recording the performance of five samples each week over 4 weeks.

    “To investigate the stability of the sensors, the performance of five samples were recorded each week over a period of 4 weeks”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Sweat sensor data were compared with HPLC-MS measurements.

    “Sweat was simultaneously collected to compare sensor data with measurements from HPLC-MS.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Conventional medical detection of biomarkers generally requires blood samples and cumbersome instruments, is invasive and time consuming, and requires professional technique.

    “Conventional medical detection of biomarkers, which generally require blood samples and cumbersome instruments, is invasive and time consuming and requires professional technique.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wearable electrochemical sweat analysis devices still confront notable challenges, such as relatively low sensitivity and selectivity in simultaneous measurement of multiple biomarkers as well as complexity in fabrication procedure.

    “However, wearable electrochemical sweat analysis devices still confront notable challenges, such as relatively low sensitivity and selectivity in simultaneous measurement of multiple biomarkers as well as complexity in fabrication procedure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Common electrode materials (noble metals, metallic oxides, graphene, carbon black) have limitations such as poor stability, inferior electrical conductivity, and limited flexibility and wettability.

    “However, these materials have limitations, such as poor stability, inferior electrical conductivity, and limited flexibility and wettability, which emphasize the urgency of developing new and promising electrode materials.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Silkworm silk fibers have a large length up to 1.5 km, endowing silk fabric with good uniformity and high mechanical strength.

    “Compared to other animal fibers (e.g., wool), an obvious advantage of silkworm silk fibers is its large length up to 1.5 km, endowing silk fabric with good uniformity and high mechanical strength.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of the enzymatic oxidation of glucose or lactate.

    “Note that hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of the enzymatic oxidation of glucose or lactate.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is prerequisite that each sensor has a good selectivity to a certain targeted biomarker to integrate them into a versatile sensing patch.

    “It is prerequisite that each sensor has a good selectivity to a certain targeted biomarker to integrate them into a versatile sensing patch.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Flexibility and long-term stability are of great importance for wearable sensors.

    “In addition, flexibility and long-term stability are also of great importance for wearable sensors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Biomarkers in sweat are at low concentration.

    “Considering the low concentration of biomarkers in sweat, we designed the final electrode with a diameter of 3 mm to obtain a high current.”
8 of 8

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Authors
He, W., Wang, C., Wang, H., Jian, M., Lu, W., Liang, X., Zhang, X., Yang, F., & Zhang, Y.
Affiliations
  • Northwest University (CN)
  • Tsinghua University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Yang, Fengchun
  • Zhang, Yingying
ORCID
Venue
Science Advances
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2019-11
Volume
5
Issue
11
Pages
eaax0649-eaax0649
ISSN
2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1126/sciadv.aax0649
PMC
PMC6839936
OpenAlex
W2989536728
Semantic Scholar
7e4df5c08852ff22dee453ef730821e8a1df5b6a
Cited by
564
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 62 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 1
FWCI
21.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (51672153)
  • National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals
  • National Key Basic Research and Development Program (2016YFA0200103)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
Keywords
sweat analysis, real-time monitoring, multiplexed detection, wearable sensors, selective detectors, signal transmission
MeSH terms
Wearable Electronic Devices, Equipment Design, Humans, Sweat, Textiles, Biosensing Techniques, Electrochemical Techniques

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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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