The gut microbiome modulates the protective association between a Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic disease risk
Open accessAbstract
To address how the microbiome might modify the interaction between diet and cardiometabolic health, we analyzed longitudinal microbiome data from 307 male participants in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, together with long-term dietary information and measurements of biomarkers of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and inflammation from blood samples. Here, we demonstrate that a healthy Mediterranean-style dietary pattern is associated with specific functional and taxonomic components of the gut microbiome, and that its protective associations with cardiometabolic health vary depending on microbial composition. In particular, the protective association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiometabolic disease risk was significantly stronger among participants with decreased abundance of Prevotella copri. Our findings advance the concept of precision nutrition and have the potential to inform more effective and precise dietary approaches for the prevention of cardiometabolic disease mediated through alterations in the gut microbiome.
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Microbiome-mediated links between diet and health have been prevalently investigated by considering the role of the abiotic components of foods.
“Microbiome-mediated links between diet and health have been prevalently investigated by considering the role of the abiotic components of foods. 35-41”
From Unexplored microbial diversity from 2,500 food metagenomes and links with the human microbiome. (2024) · cites this paper as [37]
The Results section (page unavailable) investigates dietary components such as fiber and pectin in relation to microbial functions, and the Discussion links Mediterranean diet adherence, the microbiome, and cardiometabolic risk. This supports the paper as an example of studying nonliving food components, but it does not establish that such an approach has been prevalent across diet–microbiome–health research. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSCFAs produced by the gut microbiota during fermentation of dietary fiber are critical in the reinforcement of the mucus layer.
“The SCFAs produced by the gut microbiota during the fermentation of dietary fiber are critical in the reinforcement of the mucus layer”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [636]
High-fiber intake increases dietary fiber metabolizers and SCFAs producers, which in turn stimulates mucus secretion to maintain a well-structured and intact mucus layer.
“High-fiber intake increases dietary fiber metabolizers and SCFAs producers, which in turn stimulates mucus secretion to maintain a well-structured and intact mucus layer.”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [636]
Mediterranean diets increase Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, and Roseburia spp., lower secondary BAs, attenuate systemic inflammation, and correlate with reduced risks of disease.
“whereas Mediterranean diets — abundant in vegetables, legumes, fruits, fish, and olive oil — increase Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, and Roseburia spp., lower secondary BAs, attenuate systemic inflammation, and correlate with reduced risks of disease.70,85,86”
From Gut dysbiosis in oncology: a risk factor for immunoresistance (2026) · cites this paper as [86]
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- Authors
- Wang, D. D., Nguyen, L. H., Li, Y., Yan, Y., Ma, W., Rinott, E., Ivey, K. L., Shai, I., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Chan, A. T., & Huttenhower, C.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Huttenhower, Curtis
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 333-343
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- PMC
- PMC8186452
- OpenAlex
- W3127664280
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 39
- FWCI
- 19.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (U01CA152904, R00DK119412, K24DK098311, U54DE023798, U01 CA167552, R01 HL035464, R01CA202704, R01HL060712, P30 DK046200)
- Crohn's and Colitis Foundation (563526, 690389)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL060712, R01HL035464)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA202704, U01CA152904, U01CA167552)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK125838, R00DK119412, P30DK046200, K99DK119412, K24DK098311, P30DK043351)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (U54DE023798)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, Mediterranean diet, cardiometabolic risk, Prevotella copri, diet-microbiome interactions, personalized nutrition, glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, Health Professionals Follow-up Study, male participants
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Biomarkers, Prevotella, Diet, Mediterranean, Microbiota
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