Studying the neural representations of uncertainty

A Mathematical Theory of Communication

Shannon, C. E. (1948) · Bell System Technical Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x · Cited by 88,486 · see citing works

Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion

Ernst, M. O., & Banks, M. S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415429a · Cited by 4,844 · see citing works

Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex

Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1959) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006308 · Cited by 4,653 · see citing works

Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex

Haxby, J. V., Gobbini, M. I., Furey, M. L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J. L., & Pietrini, P. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063736 · Cited by 3,940 · see citing works

Noise in the nervous system

Faisal, A. A., Selen, L. P. J., & Wolpert, D. M. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2258 · Cited by 2,883 · see citing works

The Bayesian brain: The role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation

Knill, D. C., & Pouget, A. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.10.007 · Cited by 2,588 · see citing works

Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons

Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1077349 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works

Learning the value of information in an uncertain world

Behrens, T. E. J., Woolrich, M. W., Walton, M. E., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1954 · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works

Invariant visual representation by single neurons in the human brain

Quiroga, R. Q., Reddy, L., Kreiman, G., Koch, C., & Fried, I. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03687 · Cited by 1,988 · see citing works

The Ventriloquist Effect Results from Near-Optimal Bimodal Integration

Alais, D., & Burr, D. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.029 · Cited by 1,936 · see citing works

How does the brain solve visual object recognition?

DiCarlo, J. J., Zoccolan, D., & Rust, N. C. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.010 · Cited by 1,790 · see citing works

Optimality principles in sensorimotor control

Todorov, E. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1309 · Cited by 1,746 · see citing works

Natural speech reveals the semantic maps that tile human cerebral cortex

Huth, A. G., de Heer, W. A., Griffiths, T. L., Theunissen, F. E., & Gallant, J. L. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17637 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works

Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex

Lee, T. S., & Mumford, D. (2003) · Journal of the Optical Society of America A · doi:10.1364/josaa.20.001434 · Cited by 1,473 · cited 1× · see citing works

Bayesian inference with probabilistic population codes

Ma, W. J., Beck, J. M., Latham, P. E., & Pouget, A. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1790 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works

Neural systems responding to degrees of uncertainty in human decision-making

Hsu, M., Bhatt, M., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Camerer, C. F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1115327 · Cited by 1,411 · see citing works

Spatio-temporal correlations and visual signalling in a complete neuronal population

Pillow, J. W., Shlens, J., Paninski, L., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Chichilnisky, E. J., & Simoncelli, E. P. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07140 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works

Object perception as Bayesian inference

Kersten, D., Mamassian, P., & Yuille, A. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142005 · Cited by 1,269 · see citing works

Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex

Kiani, R., & Shadlen, M. N. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1169405 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works

Encoding and decoding in fMRI

Naselaris, T., Kay, K., Nishimoto, S., & Gallant, J. L. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.073 · Cited by 894 · see citing works

Choice, uncertainty and value in prefrontal and cingulate cortex

Rushworth, M. F. S., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2066 · Cited by 866 · see citing works

Neural correlates, computation and behavioural impact of decision confidence

Kepecs, A., Uchida, N., Zariwala, H. A., & Mainen, Z. F. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07200 · Cited by 809 · see citing works

Establishment of Best Practices for Evidence for Prediction: A Review

Poldrack, R. A., Huckins, G., & Varoquaux, G. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3671 · Cited by 738 · see citing works

Decoding Neural Representational Spaces Using Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Haxby, J. V., Connolly, A. C., & Guntupalli, J. S. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170325 · Cited by 717 · see citing works

Neural differentiation of expected reward and risk in human subcortical structures

Preuschoff, K., Bossaerts, P., & Quartz, S. R. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.024 · Cited by 692 · see citing works

Statistically optimal perception and learning: from behavior to neural representations

Fiser, J., Berkes, P., Orbán, G., & Lengyel, M. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.003 · Cited by 672 · see citing works

Probabilistic brains: knowns and unknowns

Pouget, A., Beck, J. M., Ma, W. J., & Latham, P. E. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3495 · Cited by 615 · cited 1× · see citing works

Confidence in value-based choice

De Martino, B., Fleming, S. M., Garrett, N., & Dolan, R. J. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3279 · Cited by 534 · see citing works

Optimal representation of sensory information by neural populations

Jazayeri, M., & Movshon, J. A. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1691 · Cited by 530 · see citing works

Confidence and certainty: Distinct probabilistic quantities for different goals

Pouget, A., Drugowitsch, J., & Kepecs, A. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4240 · Cited by 528 · see citing works

Rhesus monkeys know when they remember

Hampton, R. R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.071600998 · Cited by 493 · see citing works

Self-Evaluation of Decision-Making: A General Bayesian Framework for Metacognitive Computation

Fleming, S. M., & Daw, N. D. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000045 · Cited by 489 · see citing works

Uncertainty in perception and the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter

Mathys, C. D., Lomakina, E. I., Daunizeau, J., Iglesias, S., Brodersen, K. H., Friston, K. J., & Stephan, K. E. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00825 · Cited by 465 · see citing works

LXI. Observations on some remarkable optical phænomena seen in Switzerland; and on an optical phænomenon which occurs on viewing a figure of a crystal or geometrical solid

Necker, L. A. (1832) · The London Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science · doi:10.1080/14786443208647909 · Cited by 463 · see citing works

Neural correlates of reliability-based cue weighting during multisensory integration

Fetsch, C. R., Pouget, A., DeAngelis, G. C., & Angelaki, D. E. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2983 · Cited by 459 · see citing works

Decisions under Uncertainty: Probabilistic Context Influences Activation of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices

Huettel, S. A., Song, A. W., & McCarthy, G. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5070-04.2005 · Cited by 457 · see citing works

A distributional code for value in dopamine-based reinforcement learning

Dabney, W., Kurth-Nelson, Z. L., Uchida, N., Starkweather, C. K., Hassabis, D., Munos, R., & Botvinick, M. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1924-6 · Cited by 443 · see citing works

I NFERENCE AND C OMPUTATION WITH P OPULATION C ODES

Pouget, A., Dayan, P., & Zemel, R. S. (2003) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131112 · Cited by 429 · see citing works

A Primer on Pattern-Based Approaches to fMRI: Principles, Pitfalls, and Perspectives

Haynes, J.-D. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.025 · Cited by 402 · see citing works

Reading population codes: a neural implementation of ideal observers

Denève, S., Latham, P. E., & Pouget, A. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/11205 · Cited by 392 · see citing works

Beta-Band Activity during Motor Planning Reflects Response Uncertainty

Tzagarakis, C., Ince, N. F., Leuthold, A. C., & Pellizzer, G. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6026-09.2010 · Cited by 378 · see citing works

Confidence as Bayesian probability: From neural origins to behavior

Meyniel, F., Sigman, M., & Mainen, Z. F. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.039 · Cited by 349 · see citing works

Hierarchical Prediction Errors in Midbrain and Basal Forebrain during Sensory Learning

Iglesias, S., Mathys, C., Brodersen, K. H., Kasper, L., Piccirelli, M., den Ouden, H. E. M., & Stephan, K. E. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.009 · Cited by 342 · see citing works

Suboptimality in perceptual decision making

Rahnev, D., & Denison, R. N. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18000936 · Cited by 342 · see citing works

Knowing how much you don't know: a neural organization of uncertainty estimates

Bach, D. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3289 · Cited by 339 · see citing works

A Neural Representation of Categorization Uncertainty in the Human Brain

Grinband, J., Hirsch, J., & Ferrera, V. P. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.032 · Cited by 330 · see citing works

Not Noisy, Just Wrong: The Role of Suboptimal Inference in Behavioral Variability

Beck, J. M., Ma, W. J., Pitkow, X., Latham, P. E., & Pouget, A. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.016 · Cited by 316 · see citing works

Decision making, movement planning and statistical decision theory

Trommershäuser, J., Maloney, L. T., & Landy, M. S. (2008) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.010 · Cited by 314 · see citing works

Bayesian Spiking Neurons I: Inference

Deneve, S. (2008) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.2008.20.1.91 · Cited by 313 · see citing works

Rostrolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Individual Differences in Uncertainty-Driven Exploration

Badre, D., Doll, B. B., Long, N. M., & Frank, M. J. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.12.025 · Cited by 309 · see citing works

A computational framework for the study of confidence in humans and animals

Kepecs, A., & Mainen, Z. F. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0037 · Cited by 305 · see citing works

Functionally dissociable influences on learning rate in a dynamic environment

McGuire, J. T., Nassar, M. R., Gold, J. I., & Kable, J. W. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.013 · Cited by 299 · see citing works

Neural Coding of Uncertainty and Probability

Ma, W. J., & Jazayeri, M. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014017 · Cited by 290 · see citing works

Comparing objective and subjective learning curves: Judgments of learning exhibit increased underconfidence with practice.

Koriat, A., Sheffer, L., & Ma’ayan, H. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.131.2.147 · Cited by 285 · see citing works

Post-Movement Beta Activity in Sensorimotor Cortex Indexes Confidence in the Estimations from Internal Models

Tan, H., Wade, C., & Brown, P. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3204-15.2016 · Cited by 271 · see citing works

Automatic integration of confidence in the brain valuation signal

Lebreton, M., Abitbol, R., Daunizeau, J., & Pessiglione, M. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4064 · Cited by 265 · see citing works

Encoding and decoding in parietal cortex during sensorimotor decision-making

Park, I. M., Meister, M. L. R., Huk, A. C., & Pillow, J. W. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3800 · Cited by 264 · see citing works

Neural Variability and Sampling-Based Probabilistic Representations in the Visual Cortex

Orbán, G., Berkes, P., Fiser, J., & Lengyel, M. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.038 · Cited by 258 · see citing works

The neural representation of unexpected uncertainty during value-based decision making

Payzan-LeNestour, E., Dunne, S., Bossaerts, P., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.037 · Cited by 257 · see citing works

Striatal dopamine mediates hallucination-like perception in mice

Schmack, K., Bosc, M., Ott, T., Sturgill, J. F., & Kepecs, Á. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4740 · Cited by 255 · see citing works

Sensory Cue Integration

Trommershäuser, J., Kording, K. P., & Landy, M. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.001.0001 · Cited by 253 · see citing works

Information theory, novelty and hippocampal responses: unpredicted or unpredictable?

Strange, B. A., Duggins, A., Penny, W. D., Dolan, R. J., & Friston, K. J. (2005) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2004.12.004 · Cited by 250 · see citing works

Attention induces conservative subjective biases in visual perception

Rahnev, D., Maniscalco, B., Graves, T., Huang, E., de Lange, F. P., & Lau, H. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2948 · Cited by 241 · see citing works

Explicit neural signals reflecting reward uncertainty

Schultz, W., Preuschoff, K., Camerer, C., Hsu, M., Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N., & Bossaerts, P. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0152 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

Responses of pulvinar neurons reflect a subject's confidence in visual categorization

Komura, Y., Nikkuni, A., Hirashima, N., Uetake, T., & Miyamoto, A. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3393 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Modeling the approximate number system to quantify the contribution of visual stimulus features

DeWind, N. K., Adams, G. K., Platt, M. L., & Brannon, E. M. (2015) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.05.016 · Cited by 221 · see citing works

Sensory uncertainty decoded from visual cortex predicts behavior

van Bergen, R. S., Ma, W. J., Pratte, M. S., & Jehee, J. F. M. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4150 · Cited by 217 · see citing works

Orbitofrontal Cortex Is Required for Optimal Waiting Based on Decision Confidence

Lak, A., Costa, G. M., Romberg, E., Koulakov, A. A., Mainen, Z. F., & Kepecs, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.039 · Cited by 209 · see citing works

Distinct encoding of decision confidence in human medial prefrontal cortex

Bang, D., & Fleming, S. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800795115 · Cited by 207 · see citing works

Perceptual Decision-Making as Probabilistic Inference by Neural Sampling

Haefner, R. M., Berkes, P., & Fiser, J. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.020 · Cited by 207 · see citing works

Neural signatures of perceptual inference

Sedley, W., Gander, P. E., Kumar, S., Kovach, C. K., Oya, H., Kawasaki, H., Howard, M. A., & Griffiths, T. D. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.11476 · Cited by 194 · see citing works

Differential Representations of Prior and Likelihood Uncertainty in the Human Brain

Vilares, I., Howard, J. D., Fernandes, H. L., Gottfried, J. A., & Kording, K. P. (2012) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.010 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Mesolimbic confidence signals guide perceptual learning in the absence of external feedback

Guggenmos, M., Wilbertz, G., Hebart, M. N., & Sterzer, P. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.13388 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

The Sense of Confidence during Probabilistic Learning: A Normative Account

Meyniel, F., Schlunegger, D., & Dehaene, S. (2015) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004305 · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Anterior cingulate is a source of valence-specific information about value and uncertainty

Monosov, I. E. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00072-y · Cited by 163 · see citing works

Peeling the Onion of Brain Representations

Kriegeskorte, N., & Diedrichsen, J. (2019) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061906 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Multivoxel neurofeedback selectively modulates confidence without changing perceptual performance

Cortese, A., Amano, K., Koizumi, A., Kawato, M., & Lau, H. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms13669 · Cited by 157 · see citing works

The Relationship between Perceptual Decision Variables and Confidence in the Human Brain

Hebart, M. N., Schriever, Y., Donner, T. H., & Haynes, J. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu181 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Middle Temporal Visual Area Microstimulation Influences Veridical Judgments of Motion Direction

Nichols, M. J., & Newsome, W. T. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-21-09530.2002 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

Neural representations of confidence emerge from the process of decision formation during perceptual choices

Gherman, S., & Philiastides, M. G. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.036 · Cited by 144 · see citing works

The influence of evidence volatility on choice, reaction time and confidence in a perceptual decision

Zylberberg, A., Fetsch, C. R., & Shadlen, M. N. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.17688 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Probabilistic Representation in Human Visual Cortex Reflects Uncertainty in Serial Decisions

van Bergen, R. S., & Jehee, J. F. M. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3212-18.2019 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Brain networks for confidence weighting and hierarchical inference during probabilistic learning

Meyniel, F., & Dehaene, S. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1615773114 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

A neural basis of probabilistic computation in visual cortex

Walker, E. Y., Cotton, R. J., Ma, W. J., & Tolias, A. S. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0554-5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

On the Origins of Suboptimality in Human Probabilistic Inference

Acerbi, L., Vijayakumar, S., & Wolpert, D. M. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003661 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

Metacognition in Multisensory Perception

Deroy, O. D., Spence, C. J., & Noppeney, U. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.006 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Making predictions in a changing world—inference, uncertainty, and learning

O’Reilly, J. X. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00105 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Cortical-like dynamics in recurrent circuits optimized for sampling-based probabilistic inference

Echeveste, R., Aitchison, L., Hennequin, G., & Lengyel, M. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-0671-1 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

Neuronal Correlates of Metacognition in Primate Frontal Cortex

Middlebrooks, P. G., & Sommer, M. A. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.028 · Cited by 124 · see citing works

Comparing Bayesian and non-Bayesian accounts of human confidence reports

Adler, W. T., & Ma, W. J. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006572 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Behavior- and Modality-General Representation of Confidence in Orbitofrontal Cortex

Masset, P., Ott, T., Lak, A., Hirokawa, J., & Kepecs, A. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.022 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Human VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisions

Gherman, S., & Philiastides, M. G. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.38293 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

The Known Unknowns: Neural Representation of Second-Order Uncertainty, and Ambiguity

Bach, D. R., Hulme, O. J., Penny, W. D., & Dolan, R. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1452-10.2011 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Subjective confidence reflects representation of Bayesian probability in cortex

Geurts, L. S., Cooke, J. R. H., van Bergen, R. S., & Jehee, J. F. M. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01247-w · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Dissociable neural correlates of uncertainty underlie different exploration strategies

Tomov, M. S., Truong, V. Q., Hundia, R., & Gershman, S. J. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15766-z · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Variance misperception explains illusions of confidence in simple perceptual decisions

Zylberberg, A., Roelfsema, P. R., & Sigman, M. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.05.012 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Introspective judgments predict the precision and likelihood of successful maintenance of visual working memory

Rademaker, R. L., Tredway, C. H., & Tong, F. (2012) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/12.13.21 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Evaluation of Objective Uncertainty in the Visual System

Barthelmé, S., & Mamassian, P. (2009) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000504 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Doubly Distributional Population Codes: Simultaneous Representation of Uncertainty and Multiplicity

Sahani, M., & Dayan, P. (2003) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976603322362356 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Updating Beliefs for a Decision: Neural Correlates of Uncertainty and Underconfidence

Stern, E. R., Gonzalez, R., Welsh, R. C., & Taylor, S. F. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4729-09.2010 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

PATTERN RECOGNITION AND THE RESPONSES OF SENSORY NEURONS*

Barlow, H. B. (1969) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb14019.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Stimulus complexity shapes response correlations in primary visual cortex

Bányai, M., Lazăr, A., Klein, L., Klon-Lipok, J., Stippinger, M., Singer, W., & Orbán, G. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1816766116 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Superior colliculus neuronal ensemble activity signals optimal rather than subjective confidence

Odegaard, B., Grimaldi, P., Cho, S. H., Peters, M. A. K., Lau, H. C., & Basso, M. A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1711628115 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Neuronal variability reflects probabilistic inference tuned to natural image statistics

Festa, D., Aschner, A., Davila, A., Kohn, A., & Coen-Cagli, R. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23838-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Effects of loss aversion on post-decision wagering: Implications for measures of awareness

Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.11.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Selective and graded coding of reward uncertainty by neurons in the primate anterodorsal septal region

Monosov, I. E., & Hikosaka, O. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3398 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Joint representation of working memory and uncertainty in human cortex

Li, H.-H., Sprague, T. C., Yoo, A. H., Ma, W. J., & Curtis, C. E. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.022 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

Polarity of uncertainty representation during exploration and exploitation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Trudel, N., Scholl, J., Klein-Flügge, M. C., Fouragnan, E., Tankelevitch, L., Wittmann, M. K., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0929-3 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Control of entropy in neural models of environmental state

Müller, T., Mars, R. B., Behrens, T. E. J., & O’Reilly, J. X. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.39404 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Trial-to-trial, uncertainty-based adjustment of decision boundaries in visual categorization

Qamar, A. T., Cotton, R. J., George, R. G., Beck, J. M., Prezhdo, E., Laudano, A., Tolias, A. S., & Ma, W. J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219756110 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Differentiable Neural Substrates for Learned and Described Value and Risk

FitzGerald, T. H. B., Seymour, B., Bach, D. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.048 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Brain Computation as Hierarchical Abstraction

Ballard, D. H. (2015) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262028615.001.0001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Neurons in the Primate Medial Basal Forebrain Signal Combined Information about Reward Uncertainty, Value, and Punishment Anticipation

Monosov, I., Leopold, D., & Hikosaka, O. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0051-15.2015 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Neural Mechanisms Underlying Risk and Ambiguity Attitudes

Blankenstein, N. E., Peper, J. S., Crone, E. A., & van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01162 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Representation of visual uncertainty through neural gain variability

Hénaff, O. J., Boundy-Singer, Z. M., Meding, K., Ziemba, C. M., & Goris, R. L. T. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15533-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Brain dynamics for confidence-weighted learning

Meyniel, F. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007935 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Representations of uncertainty: where art thou?

Koblinger, Á., Fiser, J., & Lengyel, M. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Brain Systems for Probabilistic and Dynamic Prediction: Computational Specificity and Integration

O’Reilly, J. X., Jbabdi, S., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2013) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001662 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Human online adaptation to changes in prior probability

Norton, E. H., Acerbi, L., Ma, W. J., & Landy, M. S. (2019) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006681 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Uncertainty leads to persistent effects on reach representations in dorsal premotor cortex

Dekleva, B. M., Ramkumar, P., Wanda, P. A., Kording, K. P., & Miller, L. E. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.14316 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Bayesian encoding and decoding as distinct perspectives on neural coding

Lange, R. D., Shivkumar, S., Chattoraj, A., & Haefner, R. M. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01458-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Neural Mechanisms for Integrating Prior Knowledge and Likelihood in Value-Based Probabilistic Inference

Ting, C.-C., Yu, C.-C., Maloney, L. T., & Wu, S. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3161-14.2015 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Neural implementations of Bayesian inference

Sohn, H., & Narain, D. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2021.09.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Unreliable Evidence: 2 Sources of Uncertainty During Perceptual Choice

Michael, E., de Gardelle, V., Nevado‐Holgado, A. J., & Summerfield, C. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht287 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Monkeys and humans take local uncertainty into account when localizing a change

Devkar, D. T., Wright, A. A., & Ma, W. J. (2017) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/17.11.4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

The suboptimality of perceptual decision making with multiple alternatives

Yeon, J., & Rahnev, D. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17661-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Supplementary Eye Field Encodes Confidence in Decisions Under Risk

So, N., & Stuphorn, V. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Uncertainty is maintained and used in working memory

Yoo, A. H., Acerbi, L., & Ma, W. J. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.8.13 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

The role of sensory uncertainty in simple contour integration

Zhou, Y., Acerbi, L., & Ma, W. J. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006308 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

A Philosophical Understanding of Representation for NeurosciencePreprint

Baker, B., Lansdell, B., & Kording, K. P. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.06592 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Cross-modal and non-monotonic representations of statistical regularity are encoded in local neural response patterns

Nastase, S. A., Davis, B., & Hasson, U. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis

Fleming, S. M. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-022423-032425 · Cited by 256 · see citing works

Uncertainty in XAI: Human Perception and Modeling Approaches

Chiaburu, T., Haußer, F., & Bießmann, F. (2024) · Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction · doi:10.3390/make6020055 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Bayesian encoding and decoding as distinct perspectives on neural coding

Lange, R. D., Shivkumar, S., Chattoraj, A., & Haefner, R. M. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-023-01458-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

An opponent striatal circuit for distributional reinforcement learning

Lowet, A. S., Qiao, Z., Meng, M., Matias, S., Drugowitsch, J., & Uchida, N. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08488-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Lesions to the mediodorsal thalamus, but not orbitofrontal cortex, enhance volatility beliefs linked to paranoia

Suthaharan, P., Thompson, S. L., Rossi-Goldthorpe, R. A., Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Chakraborty, S., Noonan, M. P., Costa, V. D., Murray, E. A., Mathys, C. D., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114355 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Neural Representations of Sensory Uncertainty and Confidence Are Associated with Perceptual Curiosity

Cohanpour, M., Aly, M., & Gottlieb, J. P. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0974-23.2024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Representing Variability

Четвериков, А. А., & Kristjansson, A. K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009396035 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Clarifying the conceptual dimensions of representation in neuroscience

Pohl, S., Walker, E. Y., Barack, D. L., Lee, J., Denison, R. N., Block, N. J., Meyniel, F., & Ma, W. J. (2026) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01030-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

A characterization of the neural representation of confidence during probabilistic learning

Bounmy, T., Eger, E., & Meyniel, F. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119849 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Uncertainty, Not Mental Content, Drives Dorsomedial Prefrontal Engagement during Inferences about Others

Berkay, D., & Jenkins, A. C. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1920-23.2025 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

A non-monotonic code for event probability in the human brain

Foucault, C., Bounmy, T., Demortain, S., Thirion, B., Eger, E., & Meyniel, F. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65727-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Confidence and second-order errors in cortical circuits

Granier, A., Petrovici, M. A., Senn, W., & Wilmes, K. A. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae404 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Humans adapt rationally to approximate estimates of uncertaintyPreprint

Pulcu, E., & Browning, M. D. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103734 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

The neural basis for uncertainty processing in hierarchical decision making

Wang, M. B., Lynch, N., & Halassa, M. M. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-63994-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Brain Network Interconnectivity Dynamics Explain Metacognitive Differences in Listening Behavior

Alavash, M., & Obleser, J. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2322-23.2024 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Decision-Making under UncertaintyPreprint

Bruckner, R., & Nassar, M. R. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ce8jf · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Neural variability in the default mode network compresses with increasing belief precision during Bayesian inference

Skowron, A., Kosciessa, J. Q., Lorenz, R. C., Hertwig, R., van den Bos, W., & Garrett, D. D. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf219 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Humans adapt rationally to approximate estimates of uncertainty

Pulcu, E., & Browning, M. D. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103734.3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Quantitative dynamics of neural uncertainty in sensory processing and decision-making during discriminative learning

Shin, S., Oh, J., Kim, S. K., Lee, Y., & Kim, S. J. (2025) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-025-01456-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Neural variability compresses with increasing belief precision during Bayesian inferencePreprint

Skowron, A., Kosciessa, J. Q., Lorenz, R. C., Hertwig, R., van den Bos, W., & Garrett, D. D. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.11.575180 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Macaque prefrontal cortex integrates multiple components for metacognitive judgments of working memory

Ning, C., Fu, G., Zhang, Y.-Y., Meyniel, F., & Wang, L. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.11.014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Effect of Different Cognitive Demands on ACL Risk Biomechanics and Prefrontal Activation During a Single-Leg Drop Jump

Jiménez-Martínez, J., Gutiérrez-Capote, A., Alarcón, F., Hughes, J., López-Morales, J. J., & Vélez, D. C. (2026) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465251412731 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

How does V1 population activity inform perceptual certainty?

Boundy-Singer, Z. M., Ziemba, C. M., Hénaff, O. J., & Goris, R. L. T. (2024) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.24.6.12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Adaptive reward representations integrate expected uncertainty signals in orbitofrontal cortex

Zhang, Q., & Zhou, J. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adv9590 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Humans use underestimates of auditory spatial and temporal uncertainty for perceptual inference

Hong, F., Xu, J., Landy, M. S., & Badde, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.2880 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Multiple and subject-specific roles of uncertainty in reward-guided decision-makingPreprint

Paunov, A. M., L’Hôtellier, M., Guo, D., He, Z., Yu, A. J., & Meyniel, F. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103363 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Dynamic expectation strength and precision shape human pain perception through shared and dissociable α-oscillatory mechanisms

Li, J., Chen, S., Zhang, L., Weng, L., Lin, X., Tu, Y., & Peng, W. (2026) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003675 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

From uncertainty and entropy to coherence and consciousness

Beshkar, M. (2025) · Brain‐X · doi:10.1002/brx2.70027 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Dopamine regulates attitude toward risk

Stuphorn, V. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adm8641 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Adaptive Integration of Perceptual and Reward Information in an Uncertain WorldPreprint

Ganesh, P., Cichy, R. M., Schuck, N. W., Finke, C., & Bruckner, R. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.04.24.590947 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

A neural code supporting prospective probabilistic reasoning for instrumental information demand in humans

Singletary, N. M., Horga, G., & Gottlieb, J. P. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06927-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The strength of confidence is involved in controlling the intensity of attentional allocation

Yoshida, K., & Saito, R. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86160-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Towards an integrative neuroscience of metacognition

Fleming, S. M. (2026) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01081-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Using Quantum Algorithms for Uncertainty Processing

Volosova, A. V. (2024) · International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE) · doi:10.1109/reepe60449.2024.10479677 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

How does explicit reliability guide choices? Effect of trustworthiness on choice and metacognition

Ota, K., Ciston, A. B., Haggard, P., Gajdos, T., & Charles, L. (2026) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014818 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Decision-making under uncertainty

Bruckner, R., & Nassar, M. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00098-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Humans use overconfident estimates of auditory spatial and temporal uncertainty for perceptual inferencePreprint

Hong, F., Xu, J., Landy, M. S., & Badde, S. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.01.626278 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Multiple and subject-specific roles of uncertainty in reward-guided decision-makingPreprint

Paunov, A. M., L’Hôtellier, M., Guo, D., He, Z., Yu, A. J., & Meyniel, F. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103363.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Humans adapt rationally to approximate estimates of uncertaintyPreprint

Pulcu, E., & Browning, M. D. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103734.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Lesions to the mediodorsal thalamus but not orbitofrontal cortex enhance volatility beliefs linked to paranoiaPreprint

Suthaharan, P., Thompson, S. L., Rossi-Goldthorpe, R. A., Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Chakraborty, S., Noonan, M. P., Mitchell, A. S., Costa, V. D., Murray, E. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vm78j

Multiple and subject-specific roles of uncertainty in reward-guided decision-makingPreprint

Paunov, A. M., L’Hôtellier, M., Guo, D., He, Z., Yu, A. J., & Meyniel, F. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.27.587016

Control of behavioral uncertainty by divergent frontal circuitsPreprint

Wang, Y., & Sun, Q. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.587380

Adaptive Integration of Perceptual and Reward Information in an Uncertain WorldPreprint

Ganesh, P., Cichy, R. M., Schuck, N. W., Finke, C., & Bruckner, R. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99266 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Adaptive Integration of Perceptual and Reward Information in an Uncertain WorldPreprint

Ganesh, P., Cichy, R. M., Schuck, N. W., Finke, C., & Bruckner, R. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.99266.1

Performance anxiety is associated with biases in learning from reward and punishment in skilled individualsPreprint

Hidalgo, A. E., Pearson, L., Oku, T., Kimoto, Y., Furuya, S., & Ruiz, M. H. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646422

Exploration of the treatment mechanism of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata for Parkinson's disease, based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validationPreprint

Zhu, H., Li, X., Hu, D., Feng, J. Q., Guo, Z., Zhu, X., & Gai, C. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6834398/v1

Multiple Routes to Metacognitive Judgments of Working Memory in the Macaque Prefrontal CortexPreprint

Ning, C., Fu, G., Zhang, Y., Meyniel, F., & Wang, L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.15.664842

Acute stress reduces risk-aversion by changing magnitude perceptionPreprint

Renkert, M., de Hollander, G., Aydogan, G., Bedi, S., Forbes, P., Lamm, C., & Ruff, C. C. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.03.685504 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Cortical deviance detection represents a canonical difference signalPreprint

Hockley, A., Gallimore, C. G., Hamm, J. P., & Malmierca, M. S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.01.06.697993

An entropic explanation of insistence on sameness in autism

Śliwiński, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2025.1714428

Neural coding of uncertainty during statistical learning in humans : a study using ultra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging

Bounmy, T. (2022) · doi:10.70675/7e579b59za4f3z4699zae81zff865b550d84

Multiple Oscillatory Neural Rhythms Support Metacognitive Access of Working MemoryPreprint

Di, Y., An, X., & Li, H.-H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.08.717328

Uncertainty-Aware Stochastic Hybrid World Models with Neural Map Memory for Autonomous Navigation in Partially Observable Grid Environments

Saad, A., Ibrahim, A. M., & Gupta, S. (2026) · Computational Discovery and Intelligent Systems (CDIS) · doi:10.66279/t95nh857

Metacognition and consciousness

Peters, M. A. K. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29258-3.00052-5

Decision processes underlying effort avoidance and their relationship with metacognition

Yoshida, K., Saito, R., Hayashi, R., Watanabe, S., & Okada, H. (2026) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag.a.1332

Time-resolved decoding of uncertainty about stimulus features from human EEGPreprint

Nestor, J., Tian, K. J., Chapman, A. F., & Denison, R. N. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.08.750188

Distinct oscillatory neural rhythms support representational precision and confidence in working memory

Di, Y., An, X., & Li, H.-H. (2026) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2026.08.041

Investigating the representation of uncertainty in neuronal circuits

Dehaene, G., Coen-Cagli, R., & Pouget, A. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008138 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Knowing how much you don't know: a neural organization of uncertainty estimates

Bach, D. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3289 · Cited by 339 · see citing works

Neural Coding of Uncertainty and Probability

Ma, W. J., & Jazayeri, M. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014017 · Cited by 290 · see citing works

ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Issue: The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience Bayesian models: the structure of the world, uncertainty,

Brain, T., Vilares, I., & Kording, K. P. (2013)

The Bayesian brain: The role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation

Knill, D. C., & Pouget, A. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.10.007 · Cited by 2,588 · see citing works