Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study,,
Open accessAbstract
Background Epidemiologic studies report inconsistent findings on the association of fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of cardiovascular disease.Objective The objective was to examine the relation between fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease.Design We studied 9608 adults aged 25-74 y participating in the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study and free of cardiovascular disease at the time of their baseline examination between 1971 and 1975. Fruit and vegetable intake at baseline was measured with a food-frequency questionnaire. The incidence of and mortality from cardiovascular disease were obtained from medical records and death certificates.Results Over an average of 19 y, 888 strokes (218 fatal), 1786 ischemic heart disease events (639 fatal), 1145 cardiovascular disease deaths, and 2530 all-cause deaths were documented. Consuming fruit and vegetables > or = 3 times/d compared with <1 time/d was associated with a 27% lower stroke incidence [relative risk (RR): 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.95; P for trend = 0.01), a 42% lower stroke mortality (0.58; 0.33, 1.02; P for trend = 0.05), a 24% lower ischemic heart disease mortality (0.76; 0.56, 1.03; P for trend = 0.07), a 27% lower cardiovascular disease mortality (0.73; 0.58, 0.92; P for trend = 0.008), and a 15% lower all-cause mortality (0.85; 0.72, 1.00; P for trend = 0.02) after adjustment for established cardiovascular disease risk factors.Conclusion We showed an inverse association of fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the general US population.
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Green leafy vegetables are protective against coronary heart disease, hypertension, and ischemic stroke.
“Recent prospective and epidemiologic studies have shown that among the various foods, green leafy vegetables are undoubtedly protective against coronary heart disease, hypertension [3,4,5,6], and ischemic stroke [7].”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
A number of epidemiological studies have shown preventive effects of fruits and vegetables on coronary heart disease.
“On the other hand, a number of epidemiological studies have shown the preventive effects of fruits and vegetables on coronary heart disease [3,4,5,6,106].”
From NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases (2015) · cites this paper as [5]
Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been correlated with decreased risks of cardiovascular disease.
“Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been correlated with decreased risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD).”
From Berries: emerging impact on cardiovascular health (2010) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Bazzano, L. A., He, J., Ogden, L. G., Loria, C. M., Vupputuri, S., Myers, L., & Whelton, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- He, Jiang
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 93-99
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1910630333
- Cited by
- 1,035
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 73
- FWCI
- 45.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r03hl061954-02, 5r01hl060300-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R03 HL-61954, R01HL60300)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- fruit and vegetable intake, cardiovascular disease, stroke, ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, dietary intake, diet and disease risk
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Fruit, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, United States, Vegetables, Myocardial Ischemia, Stroke
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