The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 23 of the 62 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year. METHODS: We randomly assigned 811 overweight adults to one of four diets; the targeted percentages of energy derived from fat, protein, and carbohydrates in the four diets were 20, 15, and 65%; 20, 25, and 55%; 40, 15, and 45%; and 40, 25, and 35%. The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health. The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content. RESULTS: At 6 months, participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg, which represented 7% of their initial weight; they began to regain weight after 12 months. By 2 years, weight loss remained similar in those who were assigned to a diet with 15% protein and those assigned to a diet with 25% protein (3.0 and 3.6 kg, respectively); in those assigned to a diet with 20% fat and those assigned to a diet with 40% fat (3.3 kg for both groups); and in those assigned to a diet with 65% carbohydrates and those assigned to a diet with 35% carbohydrates (2.9 and 3.4 kg, respectively) (P>0.20 for all comparisons). Among the 80% of participants who completed the trial, the average weight loss was 4 kg; 14 to 15% of the participants had a reduction of at least 10% of their initial body weight. Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets; attendance was strongly associated with weight loss (0.2 kg per session attended). The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00072995.)
Overview
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
23 of 62 cited sources checked · 11 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“In addition, trials of low-carbohydrate diets have reported a very low incidence of urinary ketosis after 6 months,6,8,12 suggesting that in most overweight people, it is futile to sustain a low intake of carbohydrates.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
- Disputedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Dietary Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Urinary Ketones section reports low detectable urinary ketones at 24 months (8.3% in the low-carbohydrate group), not at six months. Contrary to the claimed futility of sustaining low carbohydrate intake, it reports lower carbohydrate intake in that group, and the Discussion describes the diet as an effective alternative after two years. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several trials showed that low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets resulted in more weight loss over the course of 3 to 6 months than conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets,4–12 but other studies did not show this effect.13–17”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
- Supportedcites [7] source
The paper supports the positive-result portion of the citing sentence: its weight loss section reports significantly greater loss on the low-carbohydrate diet over six months. The sentence cites separate studies for trials that did not show that effect; it does not attribute those results to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
- Supportedcites [9] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports greater weight loss with very-low-carbohydrate than low-fat diets after 3 and 6 months, supporting the positive-results clause to which this source is cited. The sentence attributes the studies without that effect to a different citation range. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Partly supportedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Weight Loss section reports that weight loss was greatest during months 1–6 and was greater in the low-carbohydrate group than in the low-fat group. This supports one outcome described in the citing sentence, but this paper does not establish that short-term trials yielded inconsistent results or that its own trial failed to show the effect. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A smaller group of studies that extended the follow-up to 1 year did not show that low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets were superior to high-carbohydrate, low-fat diets.6,10,16,18–21”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] source
- Supportedcites [21] source
The passage labeled Abstract reports that the greater weight loss seen at six months on a very-low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet in Foster et al. was no longer different at 12 months. It also reports that the advantage of a higher-protein diet over a conventional low-fat diet in Due et al. was not sustained at 12 months. These reported trials support the cited one-year comparison, although this paper’s own trial compared two carbohydrate-restricted diets. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The mean differences among the groups in fat, carbohydrate, or protein intake at 6 months were nevertheless often greater than those in several previous trials comparing diets for weight loss.11,12,19,21,26”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Partly supportedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 2 reports six-month differences among the diet groups in fat, carbohydrate, and protein intake. The Dietary Intake section also describes these differences, but our copy does not establish that they were often greater than those in several previous weight-loss trials. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
- Supportedcites [21] source
Table 3 (Weighed food records; page not provided) reports mean fat, carbohydrate and protein intakes for both diet groups at week 28, approximately six months, with small between-group differences. The paper is an earlier weight-loss trial supplying the comparison data; the larger differences in the citing trial are the citing authors’ own comparison. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We did not confirm previous findings that low-carbohydrate or high-protein diets caused increased weight loss at 6 months3–12 and that the advantage of these diets usually eroded by 12 months, with weight loss that was nearly or fully equivalent to that with low-fat diets6,11,18 or other diets.12”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Weight Loss and Body Composition sections say that reduced-calorie diets produce weight loss and that macronutrient composition does not seem to play a major role. Our copy does not report the attributed comparison—greater loss on low-carbohydrate or high-protein diets at six months followed by convergence at twelve months. Searches for those time points and comparative findings found no passage addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] source
- Partly supportedcites [7] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Weight Loss section reports significantly greater weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat diet at six months. The paper studied only six months and says it is unclear whether the benefits extend beyond that point; it cannot support the claim that the weight-loss advantage eroded by twelve months. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] source
- Partly supportedcites [9] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports earlier studies finding greater weight loss with very-low-carbohydrate diets after three and six months. But the Methods (Experimental Approach; no page given) say this trial tested diets for only 30 days in women and 50 days in men; it could not establish whether a six-month advantage eroded by twelve months. The citing authors’ statement that they did not confirm earlier findings is their own conclusion, not a finding of this trial. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Partly supportedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Weight Loss section reports greater weight loss with the low-carbohydrate diet than with the low-fat diet, consistent with an early advantage. It does not establish that this advantage eroded to near-equivalence by 12 months; it reports greater low-carbohydrate weight loss at 24 months. The citing authors’ statement that they ‘did not confirm’ earlier findings describes their own trial, not Shai et al.’s. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several recent trials have also shown that continued contact with participants after weight loss is associated with less regain.12,24,37,38”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Eligibility and Study Design section describes dietitian-led sessions continuing throughout the two-year trial. The Weight Loss and Discussion sections report an initial weight-loss phase followed by partial regain, but they do not compare regain by amount of contact or establish that continued contact was associated with less regain. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Supportedcites [24] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that participants offered follow-up meetings retained greater weight loss at one and two years than those without meetings. The Discussion describes an association between that support and weight-loss maintenance, which supports this paper as one of the trials cited. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [37] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Interventions section describes ongoing face-to-face or Internet contact after participants had lost weight, while the control group received newsletters without interaction with intervention staff. The Discussion reports that both intervention groups were less likely than controls to regain at least 2.3 kg over 18 months. This trial therefore supports the cited statement as one of several trials, though it does not isolate contact from the other components of the interventions. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the diets reduced risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes at 6 months and 2 years (Table 2).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weight loss was the same in those assigned to a diet with 40% fat and those assigned to a diet with 20% fat (3.3 kg, P=0.94) and was similar among those who completed each of those diets (3.9 and 4.1 kg, respectively; P = 0.76).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > WEIGHT LOSS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After 12 months, all groups, on average, slowly regained body weight.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > WEIGHT LOSS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Attendance at group sessions was associated with adherence to the fat and protein goals only in the high-protein and low-fat groups (Fig. 4).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > WEIGHT CHANGE ACCORDING TO ATTENDANCE AT GROUP SESSIONS AND DIETARY ADHERENCE
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > BACKGROUND
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] source
- Partly supportedcites [3] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Body Composition and Summary and Recommendations sections say that macronutrient composition does not seem to play a major role in weight loss and that its effect on long-term maintenance remains unclear, supporting the lack of an established advantage. Evidence-Based Guidelines identifies limited study duration as a problem, but the copy does not say that few studies extend beyond one year. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In conclusion, diets that are successful in causing weight loss can emphasize a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions that have beneficial effects on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.29,40”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [29] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Balance Calorie Intake and Physical Activity to Achieve or Maintain a Healthy Body Weight” (page unavailable) says macronutrient composition has little effect on energy balance unless it changes total energy intake or expenditure. The paper also links healthy weight and diet to cardiovascular risk, but it does not establish that weight-loss diets across a range of fat, protein, and carbohydrate compositions all improve both cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [40] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes diets with varied macronutrient compositions that have shown reduced cardiovascular risk factors or short-term weight loss. The Discussion, under “Implications for practice” (page unavailable), reports cardiovascular benefits from OmniHeart diets in participants who did not lose weight. The paper therefore supports the potential benefits of different compositions, but does not establish that a range of weight-loss diets also improves both cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Blinding was maintained by the use of similar foods for each diet. Staff and participants were taught that each diet adhered to principles of a healthful diet29 and that each had been recommended for long-term weight loss, thereby establishing equipoise.1,2,26 Investigators and staff who measured outcomes were unaware of the diet assignment of the participants.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > METHODS > WEIGHT-LOSS INTERVENTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] source
Citation 29 is attached to “principles of a healthful diet,” not to the statements about blinding or outcome assessors. The “Consume an Overall Healthy Diet” section sets out those principles; the citing sentence does not attribute its blinding procedures to this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We designed a randomized clinical trial to compare the effects on body weight of energy-reduced diets that differed in their targets for intake of macronutrients — low or high in fat, average or high in protein, or low or high in carbohydrates — and otherwise followed recommendations for cardiovascular health.29”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > METHODS > STUDY DESIGN AND SITES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] source
The citation identifies the cardiovascular-health recommendations the citing authors say their diets followed; it does not attribute their randomized trial to this source. The paper’s “AHA Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations” section explicitly describes its recommendations as a prescription to promote cardiovascular health. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Only two trials have reported dietary intake beyond 1 year,12,26 and one of them provided foods to the participants.12”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The Electronic Questionnaires section reports dietary-intake assessments through 24 months, identifying this paper as one trial with intake data beyond one year. The Nutritional and Color Labeling of Food in the Cafeteria section says the workplace cafeteria provided participants’ lunches. This source establishes its own trial’s features, not the citing document’s count of two trials. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Other studies showed increased weight loss at 1 to 2 years with diets that were high in unsaturated fat12,21,26 or with low-fat, high-carbohydrate vegetarian diets.22,24”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the high-unsaturated-fat diets, not the vegetarian diets. The Abstract reports that the Mediterranean group had the highest ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fat, and the Weight Loss section reports greater weight loss in that group than in the low-fat group over the two-year trial. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [21] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports weight loss after 52 weeks in the high-monounsaturated-fat group, but explicitly finds no diet effect: weight loss was not significantly greater than with the high-protein diet. The study provides one-year results, not two-year results. The vegetarian-diet clause is attached to other citations, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] source
- Supportedcites [24] source
The Discussion (page not provided) reports significantly greater weight loss with the low-fat vegan diet than with the comparison diet at both 1 and 2 years. It also reports that carbohydrate intake increased more in the vegan group during the initial intervention. This supports the portion of the citing sentence about a low-fat, high-carbohydrate vegetarian diet; the high-unsaturated-fat diets are attributed to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blood pressure decreased from baseline by 1 to 2 mm Hg, with no significant differences among the groups (P>0.59 for all comparisons).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the 80% of participants who completed the trial, the average weight loss was 4 kg; 14 to 15% of the participants had a reduction of at least 10% of their initial body weight.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets;”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The metabolic syndrome35 was present in 32% of the participants at baseline, and the percentage was lower at 2 years, ranging from 19 to 22% in the four diet groups (P = 0.81 for the four-way comparison).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence to the goal for protein intake was associated with more weight loss only in the high-protein groups, and adherence to the goal for fat intake was associated with more weight loss only in the low-fat groups (P<0.001) (Fig. 4).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > WEIGHT CHANGE ACCORDING TO ATTENDANCE AT GROUP SESSIONS AND DIETARY ADHERENCE
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serious adverse events were reported by 57 participants (7%); there were no significant differences in the rates among diets.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > ADVERSE EFFECTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 57Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the diets except the one with the highest carbohydrate content decreased fasting serum insulin levels by 6 to 12%; the decrease was larger with the high-protein diet than with the average-protein diet (10% vs. 4%, P = 0.07).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants were eager to lose weight and to attempt whatever type of diet they were assigned, and they did well in screening interviews and questionnaires that evaluated their motivation.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Small samples, underrepresentation of men, limited generalizability, a lack of blinded ascertainment of the outcome, a lack of data on adherence to assigned diets, and a large loss to follow-up limit the interpretation of many weight-loss trials.27”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We studied weight change over the course of 2 years, since weight loss typically is greatest 6 to 12 months after initiation of the diet, with steady regain of weight subsequently.28”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We view attendance at counseling sessions as a proxy for commitment to achieving weight loss and for engagement in the program.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Random assignments to one of four diet groups were generated by the data manager at the coordinating center on request of a study dietitian, after eligibility of a participant was confirmed.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > METHODS > PARTICIPANTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 1638 participants who were screened, 811 (50%) were randomly assigned to a diet, and 645 (80% of those assigned) completed the study (i.e., provided a body-weight measurement at 2 years) (Fig. 1 in the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > PARTICIPANTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,638Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study had a large sample, a high rate of retention, and the sensitivity to detect small changes in weight.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the findings should be directly applicable to both clinicians’ recommendations for weight loss in individual patients and the development of population-wide recommendations by public health officials.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The population was diverse with respect to age, income, and geography and included a large percentage of men.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The diets improved lipid risk factors and fasting insulin levels in the directions that would be expected on the basis of macronutrient content.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We performed an intention-to-treat analysis in which long-term weight loss for persons who withdrew from the study early (after at least 6 months of participation) was imputed on the basis of a rate of 0.3 kg per month of regained weight34 and a rate of 0.3 cm per month of regained waist circumference after withdrawal (see Methods in the Supplementary Appendix).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, changes in biomarkers confirmed that differences among the groups in macronutrient intake were consistent with those recorded in the dietary reports and that participants modified their intake of macronutrients in the direction of the goals, although the targets were not fully achieved.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > ADHERENCE, DIET ACCEPTABILITY, SATIETY, AND SATISFACTION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these findings with respect to adherence to macronutrient goals suggest that participants in weight-loss programs revert to their customary macronutrient intakes over time but may nonetheless be able to maintain weight loss.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was approved by the human subjects committee at each institution and by a data and safety monitoring board appointed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. All participants gave written informed consent.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > METHODS > PARTICIPANTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline characteristics were similar among participants assigned to the four diets and between those who were assigned to a diet and those who completed the study (Table 1).”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > RESULTS > PARTICIPANTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a generic approach to developing each diet and the instructions for following it, in order to minimize such influences.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No diet was considered to be a control diet, and the dietary counseling and the attention that we provided were the same for all diet groups throughout the study period.”
§ Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Nonnutritional factors such as cultural norms, scientific novelty, and media attention can influence the success of a specific diet.
“Conformity to cultural norms, scientific novelty, and media attention are nonbiologic reasons for the success of specific diets.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The novelty of a diet, media attention, and researcher enthusiasm can affect how well participants adhere to any diet.
“The novelty of the diet, media attention, and the enthusiasm of the researchers could affect the adherence of participants to any type of diet.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes [101].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Two recent largescale clinical trials of 2-yr duration did not find differences in effects on triglyceride levels between low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets and low-carbohydrate diets (162,163).”
From Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2012) · cites this paper as [163]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sample size was calculated based on a previously reported 7% occurrence of AE in subjects participating in a randomized clinical trial evaluating weight-loss dietary interventions differing in macronutrient composition.24”
In the citing paper
“Improving weight loss treatment and maintenance can improve several of the obesity-related risk factors for CHD (e.g., insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes) and help reduce the prevalence of the second most preventable cause of death today [5–7].”
From SMART trial: A randomized clinical trial of self-monitoring in behavioral weight management-design and baseline findings (2009) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“This is consistent with the current literature, which shows that the more closely people follow dietary plans, the better their outcomes [71].”
From A Systematic Review of the Impact of Adherence on the Effectiveness of e-Therapies (2011) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Weight-loss trials1–3 have typically enrolled obese or overweight persons who attempted substantial short-term weight loss on specialized diets, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings to nonobese populations and to the factors that determine long-term, gradual weight gain.”
From Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“weight loss success was attributed to the best adherence to behavior and dietary recommendations.193–195”
In the citing paper
“AOMs, especially GLP-1 RAs and GLP1/GIP RAs, decrease caloric intake by 16–39% [73] and can expose patients to insufficient or inadequate intake of macro- and/or micronutrients”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“An extensive study involving 811 patients examined the WL and metabolic benefits of four dietary patterns, which vary in their proportions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, in individuals with overweight or obesity after 2 years. Although there was no difference in WL among the four groups, the low-fat and highest-carbohydrate diets decreased LDL cholesterol levels more than the other two. In”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“an unbalanced nutritional intake accompanied by a calorie deficit can lead to macro/micronutrient deficiencies and loss of LM [59,63,73,152].”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
In the citing paper
“Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes [95].”
In the citing paper
“Variation of macronutrient composition (e.g., carbohydrate, protein) has little effect on 1- to 2-year weight loss but may improve some health conditions (type 2 diabetes) [27, 28].”
From The Role of Lifestyle Modification with Second-Generation Anti-obesity Medications: Comparisons, Questions, and Clinical Opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In the Pounds Lost (Preventing Obesity Using Novel Dietary Strategies) study (155), participants reported little difference in macronutrient intakes at 2 y and biomeasures of adherence (serum triglycerides, urinary nitrogen excretion) showed little differentiation between dietary groups.”
From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [155]
In the citing paper
“The few that have either did not assess a typical low-carbohydrate diet or included severely obese participants, most of whom had type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome (4–6).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Typical low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss restrict carbohydrate to less than 20% of daily energy intake (6).”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Few randomized, controlled trials thus far have examined the effects of carbohydrate restriction on CVD risk factors in a diverse population with a significant proportion of black persons.”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“The POUNDS LOST (Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies) study, which examined the effects of 4 diets with different macronutrient compositions, included a substantial number of black persons but did not test a typical low-carbohydrate diet.”
From Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Various dietary patterns have been used with success, with adherence to counseling visits and the selected diet often being the important factors in determining outcomes [101].”
In the citing paper
“average (mean) total food expenditures by families and individuals have decreased from 22.3% (1949) to 18.1% (1961) to 14.9% (1981) to 11.3% (2011).”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“The proportion of sales of meals and snacks from fast-food restaurants compared with total meals and snacks away from home increased from 5% in 1958 to 29% in 1982 to 36% in 2011.111”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Prices for foods eaten at home increased 4.8% in 2011, whereas prices for foods eaten away from home increased by 1.9%.111”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“For any given year, the share of disposable income spent on food is inversely proportional to absolute income.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“Average price per portion of fruits and vegetables was 31 cents with an average of 57 calories per portion, compared with 33 cents and 183 calories per portion for snack foods.111”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“The Consumer Price Index for food increased 3.7% in 2011.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“However, RCTs designed to investigate weight loss and having equal-intensity interventions in each dietary arm have demonstrated that macronutrient composition has little independent effect on weight loss.169–172”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [172]
In the citing paper
“Adherence to any weight loss diet, regardless of its macronutrient composition, was the best determinant of success.169–172”
From Components of a Cardioprotective Diet: New Insights (2011) · cites this paper as [172]
In the citing paper
“In further studies it was assessed whether including specific proteins, such as gelatin or alphalactalbumin, may improve the effect described above, due to their high satiating capacities (see below).However, this was not the case (23 -25) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“After rejection of such a diet animals begin foraging for a better dietary essential amino acid source and develop conditioned aversions to cues associated with the deficient diet (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Gelatin is considered as an incomplete protein because it is lacking tryptophan (TRP) and contains relatively low amounts of the other dietary essential amino acids (i.e.histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine).”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“It has been shown that animals reject diets that lead to depletion or deficiency of dietary essential amino acids (the 'indispensable amino acid deficiency' theory).”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“From this area signals are projected to other brain areas that are associated with the control of food intake (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“A chemosensor for dietary essential amino acid deficiency has been found in the anterior piriform cortex (23,24) .”
From Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health. (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“We have reported an adequate effectiveness of the intervention after 1 year of follow-up.28”
From Cohort Profile: Design and methods of the PREDIMED study (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Instead, previous studies have focused on comparing low-carb to low-fat eating patterns (3–10).”
In the citing paper
“Low-fat patterns generally target total fat intake between 20% and 30% of kilocalories alongside other healthy dietary guidelines.20,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Low-carbohydrate patterns generally refer to patterns with total carbohydrate targets between 20% and 40% of kilocalaroies.20,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“For those following lowcarbohydrate diets, meats and animal-sourced foods tend to be overemphasized, leading to inappropriate restriction of fiber and increased saturated fat intake.29,35,36,42,43”
From Popular dietary patterns: alignment with American Heart Association 2021 dietary guidance: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs found carbohydrate-restricted eating patterns, particularly those considered low carbohydrate (<26% total energy), were effective in reducing A1C in the short term (<6 months), with less difference in eating patterns beyond 1 year (125,126,137,138,164).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [126]
In the citing paper
“The study also confirmed the problem of weight regain despite ongoing counseling for weight-loss maintenance.34”
From A Two-Year Randomized Trial of Obesity Treatment in Primary Care Practice (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Bonow and Eckel 434 concluded that low-CHO diets produced a more robust triglyceride-lowering effect than low-fat diets despite a similar magnitude of weight loss after 1 year.”
From Triglycerides and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2011) · cites this paper as [434]
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BackgroundTreatment Strategies for Overweight and Obesity
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Diet and supplements in cancer prevention and treatment: Clinical evidences and future perspectives
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Self-citationLifestyle Modification as the Primary Treatment of NASH
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“Weight loss programs that focus on portion control and provide regular group sessions may lead to the best long-term results.(86) The value of drastically reducing any one component of a diet, such as a very-low-carbohydrate diet, has not been confirmed in large studies,(86,87) so the best recommendation is a well-bal…”
Effects of a high protein diet on body weight and comorbidities associated with obesity
Clifton, P. M. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002322 · Cited by 66
“The largest test of a high protein diet was performed in the USA in a 4 centre trial((16)) In the study 811 participants were ran-”
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Personalized dietary management of overweight and obesity based on measures of insulin and glucose
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Dose‐Dependent Suppression of Hunger by a Specific Alginate in a Low‐Viscosity Drink Formulation
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Obesity, Identity and Community: Leveraging Social Networks for Behavior Change in Public Health
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“…educational and motivational information to individuals to help bring about healthier eating and increased physical activity (HaireJoshu et al., 2008; Shai et al., 2008), which unfortunately has yielded limited success in long-term weight loss (Hill et al., 2008; Katan, 2009; Sacks et al., 2009).”
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“The study design and sample collection have previously been described (18).”
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Hernandez, T. L., Sutherland, J. P., Wolfe, P., Allian-Sauer, M. U., Capell, W. H., Talley, N. D., Wyatt, H. R., Foster, G. D., Hill, J. O., & Eckel, R. H. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27909 · Cited by 63
“Most recently, the large randomized controlled trial of Sacks et al (28) showed that weight loss was similar among 4 diet groups at 2 y (low-fat/averageprotein, low-fat/high-protein, high-fat/average-protein, high-fat/ high-protein).”
BackgroundManaging obesity in adults in primary care
Plourde, G., & Prud’homme, D. (2012) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.111640 · Cited by 60
“Dietary interventions Studies, including randomized controlled trials, have attempted to compare the positive effects of specific dietary compositions on changes in weight.(16,32,33) These trials suggest that dietary”
BackgroundZhang, X., Qi, Q., Bray, G. A., Hu, F. B., Sacks, F. M., & Qi, L. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.040907 · Cited by 60
“The respiratory quotient was obtained by using the DeltaTrac II metabolic cart (Datex-Ohmeda) (23).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBest (but oft-forgotten) practices: sensitivity analyses in randomized controlled trials
de Souza, R. J., Eisen, R. B., Perera, S., Bantoto, B., Bawor, M., Dennis, B. B., Samaan, Z., & Thabane, L. (2015) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.121848 · Cited by 63
“In trials of whole diets, clear as-treated analyses are seldom feasible because participants are rarely totally nonadherent or fully adherent, but adherence to desired dietary interventions may be as low as 50–60% in advice-only, long-term studies (19) but may reach as high as .”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMetabolic syndrome, diet and exercise
Sousa, S. M. C. D., & Norman, R. J. (2016) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.01.006 · Cited by 60
Behavioral Treatment of the Patient with Obesity
Alamuddin, N., & Wadden, T. A. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.008 · Cited by 63
“This was demonstrated by the 2-year Preventing Obesity Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS) Lost study, in which participants in 4 diets groups were all prescribed a 750 kcal/d deficit but were instructed to consume different percentages of protein (15% or 25%), fat (20% or 40%), and carbohydrate (ranging from 35%…”
Heianza, Y., Ma, W., Huang, T., Wang, T., Zheng, Y., Smith, S. R., Bray, G. A., Sacks, F. M., & Qi, L. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-1111 · Cited by 60
Self-citationA Clinical Perspective of Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diets: A Narrative Review
Sukkar, S. G., & Muscaritoli, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.642628 · Cited by 67
Bays, H. E., Bindlish, S., & Clayton, T. L. (2023) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2023.100056 · Cited by 66
“…meaningful weight reduction and improvement in adipose tissue function can be achieved with reduced-caloric intake regardless of macronutrients [172], (c) the number of meals per day correlates better with weight change than timing of meals [173], (d) time-restrictive eating with caloric…”
BackgroundEffect of Diet Composition and Weight Loss on Resting Energy Expenditure in the POUNDS LOST Study
de Jonge, L., Bray, G. A., Smith, S. R., Ryan, D. H., de Souza, R. J., Loria, C. M., Champagne, C. M., Williamson, D. A., & Sacks, F. M. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2012.127 · Cited by 51
“A total of 811 individuals (515 women, 296 men) were randomized (4).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHamurcu, P., Kaya, E., Alphan, E., & Yilmaz, Y. N. (2019) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000001656 · Cited by 60
Weight Reduction with GLP-1 Agonists and Paths for Discontinuation While Maintaining Weight Loss
Reiss, A. B., Gulkarov, S., Lau, R., Klek, S. P., Srivastava, A., Renna, H. A., & De Leon, J. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15030408 · Cited by 58
“However, over the years, many studies have shown no differences in achieving weight loss from a variety of macronutrient approaches [45] and calorie reduction is likely the more successful approach for weight loss maintenance [250,251].”
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“Evidence indicates that weight loss via lifestyle modification is largely mediated by energy intake rather than energy expenditure [34].”
BackgroundDietary Proteins in Obesity and in Diabetes
Keller, U. B. (2011) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000059 · Cited by 63
Elbelt, U., Schuetz, T., Hoffmann, I., Pirlich, M., Strasburger, C. J., & Lochs, H. H. (2010) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.05.003 · Cited by 58
Adherence is a multi-dimensional construct in the POUNDS LOST trial
Williamson, D. A., Anton, S. D., Han, H., Champagne, C. M., Allen, R., LeBlanc, E., Ryan, D. H., McManus, K., Laranjo, N., Carey, V. J., et al. (2010) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-009-9230-7 · Cited by 58
“As noted by Sacks et al. (2009), these objectives were met.”
InfluentialAlbaugh, V. L., & Abumrad, N. N. (2018) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.13515.1 · Cited by 63
Keenan, S. J., Cooke, M. B., Chen, W. S., Wu, S. S. X., & Belski, R. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153071 · Cited by 63
“Secondly, customised meal plans for each participant that were tailored to individual preferences and habitual diet [39,40], as well as the provision of meal replacement shakes [41] on fasting days for those in the IFT group.”
MethodEsfahani, A., Wong, J. M., Mirrahimi, A., Villa, C. R., & Kendall, C. W. C. (2011) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.418 · Cited by 56
“A recent study of over 800 subjects who were randomized to one of four diets with different compositions in fat, protein, and carbohydrate demonstrated that equal clinically meaningful weight loss and maintenance was achieved over a 2-year period regardless of the macronutrient distribution (5).”
BackgroundEarly behavioral adherence predicts short and long-term weight loss in the POUNDS LOST study
Williamson, D. A., Anton, S. D., Han, H., Champagne, C. M., Allen, H. R., LeBlanc, E., Ryan, D. H., Rood, J. C., McManus, K. D., Laranjo, N., et al. (2010) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-010-9253-0 · Cited by 57
Self-citationWeight-Loss Diets, Adiponectin, and Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk in the 2-Year POUNDS Lost Trial
Ma, W., Huang, T., Zheng, Y., Wang, M., Bray, G. A., Sacks, F. M., & Qi, L. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-1207 · Cited by 59
“We performed an intention-to-treat analysis, with zero change from baseline imputed for missing adiponectin data (3).”
InfluentialSelf-citationCrino, M., Herrera, A. M. M., Ananthapavan, J., Wu, J. H. Y., Neal, B. C., Lee, Y. Y., Zheng, M., Lal, A., & Sacks, G. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9090983 · Cited by 57
Williamson, D. A. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21914 · Cited by 59
“Planning for POUNDS Lost began in the mid2000s, and the primary outcome paper was published in 2009 (30).”
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Guglielmi, V., & Sbraccia, P. (2017) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2955 · Cited by 58
Agricultural policies, food and public health
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Self-citationComplex Relationships Between Food, Diet, and the Microbiome
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“When implemented properly, any one of the reviewed diets will lead to improved health, along with improved cardiometabolic parameters.(32) The factors driving food choices by most people living in the United States tend to”
Associations of Dietary Protein and Fiber Intake with Brain and Blood Amyloid-β
Fernando, W. M. A. D. B., Rainey‐Smith, S. R., Gardener, S. L., Villemagne, V. L., Burnham, S. C., Macaulay, S. L., Brown, B. M., Gupta, V. B., Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170742 · Cited by 57
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Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults
Hooper, L., Abdelhamid, A. S., Jimoh, F. O., Bunn, D. K., & Skeaff, C. M. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013636 · Cited by 58
Dietary Patterns in Secondary Prevention of Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
Padilha, G. D. R., d’Almeida, K. S. M., Spillere, S. R., & Souza, G. C. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10070828 · Cited by 60
The Pharmacological Treatment and Management of Obesity
Hussain, S. S., & Bloom, S. R. (2011) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2011.01.2243 · Cited by 59
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Common Endocrine Disorder and Risk Factor for Vascular Disease
McGowan, M. P. (2011) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-011-0130-0 · Cited by 59
Gilmore, L. A., Duhé, A. F., Frost, E. A. M., & Redman, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/1932296814525189 · Cited by 54
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“For example, studies have shown that educing energy intake (13-15), altering macronutrient ntake (16-19), increasing dietary fiber intake (20-22), use f ready-to-eat (RTE) meals as meal replacements (238), and increasing dietary availability of some nutrients an promote weight loss to varying degrees (17,29-33).”
BackgroundDietary Strategies to Increase Satiety
Rebello, C. J., Liu, A. G., Greenway, F. L., & Dhurandhar, N. V. (2013) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410540-9.00003-x · Cited by 58
Self-citationKang, M., Yoo, H. J., Kim, M., Kim, M. K., & Lee, J. H. (2018) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0887-1 · Cited by 56
Feasibility Pilot Study of a Teaching Kitchen and Self-Care Curriculum in a Workplace Setting
Eisenberg, D. M., Righter, A., Matthews, B. J., Zhang, W., Willett, W. C., & MASSA, J. S. (2017) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827617709757 · Cited by 55
Kong, A., Beresford, S. A. A., Alfano, C. M., Foster‐Schubert, K. E., Neuhouser, M. L., Johnson, D. B., Duggan, C. R., Wang, C.-Y., Xiao, L., Jeffery, R. W., et al. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.05.014 · Cited by 56
Nutritional Modulation of Insulin Resistance
Weickert, M. O. (2012) · Scientifica · doi:10.6064/2012/424780 · Cited by 53
“2 kg per session attended), further indicating that adherence to any chosen diet may be a crucial factor and may be more relevant than the macronutrient composition of the diet per se [74].”
BackgroundHoward, B. V., Curb, J. D., Eaton, C. B., Kooperberg, C. L., Ockene, J. K., Kostis, J. B., Pettinger, M. B., Rajkovic, A., Robinson, J. G., Rossouw, J. E., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28034 · Cited by 54
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“Randomised control trials show the benefit of a lowcarbohydrate, a low-fat or a Mediterranean diet, and weight loss((11,12)).”
BackgroundAicher, B. O., Haser, E. K., Freeman, L. A., Carnie, A., Stonik, J. A., Wang, X., Remaley, A. T., Kato, G. J., & Cannon, R. O. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2012.56 · Cited by 52
“(26) reported that overweight men and women randomized to a low fat (20% daily energy intake), average protein diet had a small decline in HDL-C at 6 months (–0.”
Neuschwander‐Tetri, B. A., Ford, D. A., Acharya, S., Gilkey, G. D., Başaranoğlu, M., Tetri, L. H., & Brunt, E. M. (2012) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-012-3709-7 · Cited by 52
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“[19] Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al.”
BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver disease and bariatric surgery: a comprehensive review
Cazzo, E., Pareja, J. C., & Chaim, É. A. (2017) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2016.0306311216 · Cited by 54
Gene–Environment Interactions on Body Fat Distribution
Li, X., & Qi, L. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20153690 · Cited by 56
“Briefly, a total of 811 overweight and obese participants were randomly assigned to one of four diets with targeted percentages of energy from fat, protein, and carbohydrate [80].”
BackgroundMethodDietary Carbohydrate Intake and New-Onset Hypertension: A Nationwide Cohort Study in China
Li, Q., Liu, C., Zhang, S., Li, R., Zhang, Y., He, P., Zhang, Z., Liu, M., Zhou, C., Ye, Z., et al. (2021) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16751 · Cited by 57
Maintenance of Weight Loss in Adolescents: Current Status and Future Directions
Butryn, M. L., Wadden, T. A., Rukstalis, M. R., Bishop‐Gilyard, C. T., Xanthopoulos, M. S., Louden, D. M., & Berkowitz, R. I. (2010) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2010/789280 · Cited by 53
Gene–diet interaction and weight loss
Qi, L. (2013) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000037 · Cited by 53
“The Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (Pounds Lost) is a clinical trial including a total of 811 overweight or obese adults assigned to one of four weight-loss diets varying in macronutrient contents for 2 years [6].”
BackgroundA Scientific Perspective of Personalised Gene-Based Dietary Recommendations for Weight Management
Drabsch, T., & Holzapfel, C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030617 · Cited by 53
“After two years, there was no significant difference in weight loss between the four intervention groups [8].”
BackgroundA randomized pilot study of dietary treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents
Wong, J. M. W., Gallagher, M., Gooding, H., Feldman, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Ludwig, D. S., & Ebbeling, C. B. (2016) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12047 · Cited by 50
“LF diet, as expected based on usual changes in blood lipids observed in previous studies of dietary composition (20,21).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Smith, S. R., Ryan, D. H., Anton, S. D., McManus, K., Champagne, C. M., Bishop, L. M., Laranjo, N., Leboff, M. S., Rood, J. C., de Jonge, L., Greenway, F. L., Loria, C. M., Obarzanek, E., & Williamson, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- From the Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health (F.M.S., L.M.B.); the Channing Laboratory (F.M.S., V.J.C., N.L.) and the Endocrine Division (M.S.L.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; and the Department of Nutrition, Brigham and Women's Hospital (K.M.) — all in Boston; Pennington Biomedical Research Center of the Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge (G.A.B., S.R.S., D.H.R., S.D.A., C.M.C., J.C.R., L.J., F.L.G., D.A.W.); and the...
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2009-02-26
- Volume
- 360
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 859-873
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC2763382
- OpenAlex
- W2144376568
- Semantic Scholar
- 309c2f42a5b6ca3290f9030dc0c7231c9601786d
- Cited by
- 1,966
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 104 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 120 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 156 · 2012: 159
- FWCI
- 116.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG028740)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL073286, U01HL073286)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK072476, P30DK040561)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR02635, M01RR002635)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Diet and metabolism studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- weight loss diet, macronutrient composition, high-protein diet, low-fat diet, carbohydrate restriction, overweight adults, long-term weight loss, weight regain, dietary adherence, group instruction, lipid risk factors, fasting insulin
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Counseling, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Patient Compliance, Risk Factors, Satiation, Weight Loss, Diet, Fat-Restricted, Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted, Waist Circumference
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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