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A reexamination of the evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis: What participants really know in the Iowa gambling task
Abstract
Bechara, Damasio, and coworkers [Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. R. (1997) Science 275, 1293–1295] have reported that normal participants decide advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy in a simple card game designed to mimic real-life decision-making. Bechara et al . have used this result to support their view that nonconscious somatic markers can guide advantageous behavior. By using more sensitive methods, we show that participants have much more knowledge about the game than previously thought. In fact, participants report knowledge of the advantageous strategy more reliably than they behave advantageously. Furthermore, when they behave advantageously, their verbal reports nearly always reveal evidence of quantitative knowledge about the outcomes of the decks that would be sufficient to guide such advantageous behavior. In addition, there is evidence that participants also have access to more qualitative reportable knowledge. These results are compatible with the view that, in this task, both overt behavior and verbal reports reflect sampling from consciously accessible knowledge; there is no need to appeal to nonconscious somatic markers. We also discuss the findings of other studies that similarly suggest alternative interpretations of other evidence previously used to support a role for somatic markers in decision-making.
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“it is the same system that governs intertemporal decision making in the IGT (Maia and McClelland, 2004).”
From Dual conception of risk in the Iowa Gambling Task: effects of sleep deprivation and test-retest gap (2013) · cites this paper as Maia and McClelland, 2004
In the citing paper
“Decision making on the basis of the intertemporal attribute in the IGT reflects explicit learning (Maia and McClelland, 2004)”
From Dual conception of risk in the Iowa Gambling Task: effects of sleep deprivation and test-retest gap (2013) · cites this paper as Maia and McClelland, 2004
In the citing paper
“Maia and McClelland (2004) challenged Bechara et al.’s (1994) view that conscious awareness and performance on the IGT are unrelated by showing that explicit knowledge about decks improved deck selection.”
From Performance Under Stress: An Eye-Tracking Investigation of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) (2018) · cites this paper as Maia and McClelland, 2004
In the citing paper
“Maia and McClelland’s (2004) Test of Awareness measures the emergence of conceptual knowledge about deck contingencies.”
From Performance Under Stress: An Eye-Tracking Investigation of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) (2018) · cites this paper as Maia and McClelland, 2004
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maia, T. V., & McClelland, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-10-22
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 16075-16080
- ISSN
- 0027-8424
- 1091-6490
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 7
- Language
- en
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