Neural correlates of developmental differences in risk estimation and feedback processing
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to compare the neural substrates of decision-making in middle-aged children and adults. To this end, we collected fMRI data while 9-12-year-olds and 18-26-year-olds performed a simple gambling task. The task was designed to tap two important aspects of decision-making: risk estimation and feedback processing. We examined how orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) contributed to risk estimation, and how ventrolateral and medial prefrontal cortices (VLPFC and medial PFC) contributed to negative feedback processing in children and adults. Region of interest analyses revealed differences in brain activation between children and adults for ACC and lateral OFC. ACC was recruited more for high-risk than for low-risk trials, and this difference was larger for children than for adults. In contrast, children and adults did not differ in activation for OFC or DLPFC. These data suggest that children's decision-making under uncertainty is associated with a high degree of response conflict. Both age groups exhibited bilateral VLPFC (BA 47) and medial PFC/ACC (BA 6/ BA 32 (dorsal) and 24 (ventral)) activation associated with negative feedback processing. Relative to adults, children engaged lateral OFC more strongly for negative relative to positive feedback. These results indicate that children may find negative feedback more aversive than adults do. In summary, children aged 9-12 years and adults recruit similar brain regions during risk-estimation and feedback processing, but some key differences between the groups provide insight into the factors contributing to developmental changes in decision-making.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The first version of the Cake Gambling task was framed as reward decision-making, but the authors classify it as instrumental-reward because it has an uncontroversial correct response (largest slice of cake).
“For example, the first version of the Cake Gambling task (Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006) has been framed as making a decision for the reward underlying the largest piece of cake, leading this task to be referred to as a “reward decision-making task”; however, we place this task in the category of “instrumental-reward tasks”, because there is an uncontroversial correct and incorrect response, the”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006
In the Cake Gambling task, during selection, medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex activation was greater in children than adults for low versus high probability trials.
“during the selection stage, the medial PFC/anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; MNI 0, 6, 20) was activated more in children than in adults for low vs. high probability trials.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006
Findings from Van Leijenhorst et al. 2006, Galvan et al. 2006, and Somerville et al. 2010 support stronger recruitment of striatal function relative to orbitofrontal function in adolescents compared with adults.
“Collectively, the findings of Van Leijenhorst et al. (2006), Galvan et al. (2006), and Somerville et al. (2010) support a stronger recruitment of striatal function relative to OFC function, in adolescents relative to adults.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Van Leijenhorst et al. (2006)
In the Cake Gambling task, during feedback, orbitofrontal cortex was more sensitive to negative than positive feedback in children than in adults.
“during the feedback stage, the OFC (MNI 40, 46, −12) was more sensitive to negative than positive feedback in children than in adults.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006
In the Cake Gambling task, dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex were more activated to low than high probability trials, and these activations were not influenced by age.
“the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and OFC were both more activated to low probability than high probability trials, but these activations were not influenced by age”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006
During the actual cognitive or motor stage, prefrontal cortical regions including inferior frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were more active in youths than adults on non-rewarded trials.
“During the actual cognitive/motor stage, prefrontal cortical regions (IFG and DLPFC) were more active in youths than in adults on non-rewarded trials (Somerville and Casey, 2010; Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006).”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006
During positive feedback, stronger striatal activation emerged in adolescents compared with adults, and during negative feedback, weaker orbitofrontal activation emerged in adolescents compared with adults.
“during positive feedback stage, stronger striatal activation (Cohen et al., 2010), and during negative feedback, weaker OFC activation (Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006), emerged in adolescents compared to adults.”
From A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: The impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment (2013) · cites this paper as Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006
Cites
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798 · see citing works
Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3 · Cited by 6,128 · see citing works
Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5304.1293 · Cited by 3,547 · see citing works
Delay of gratification in children.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2658056 · Cited by 3,397 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Error Detection, and the Online Monitoring of Performance
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.747 · Cited by 3,273 · see citing works
Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards
McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100907 · Cited by 3,089 · see citing works
Cognitive and affective development in adolescence
Steinberg, L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005 · Cited by 2,978 · see citing works
Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox
Brett, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · Cited by 2,273 · see citing works
Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens
Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W., & Hommer, D. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-j0002.2001 · Cited by 2,244 · see citing works
Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex
O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/82959 · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
KRINGELBACH, M. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., & Damásio, H. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2189 · Cited by 1,919 · see citing works
Principles of Frontal Lobe Function
Stuss, D. T. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.001.0001 · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
Rolls, E. T. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.284 · Cited by 1,595 · see citing works
Structural and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development
Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., & Thomas, K. M. (2000) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00058-2 · Cited by 1,506 · see citing works
Functional imaging of neural responses to expectancy and experience of monetary gains and losses
Breiter, H. C., Aharon, I., Kahneman, D., Dale, A., & Shizgal, P. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00303-8 · Cited by 1,404 · see citing works
Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex
Tremblay, L., & Schultz, W. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/19525 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Rolls, E. T. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198524649.001.0001 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
Immature Frontal Lobe Contributions to Cognitive Control in Children
Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00583-9 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Self-citationThe anterior cingulate as a conflict monitor: fMRI and ERP studies
VANVEEN, V, & CARTER, C. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00930-7 · Cited by 1,258 · cited 4× · see citing works
“ACC is thought to be important for detecting response conflict, monitoring performance, and/or anticipating uncertain outcomes (Critchley, Corfield, Chandler, Mathias, & Dolan, 2000; O’Doherty et al., 2001; Van Veen & Carter, 2002 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialDiamond, A. (2002) · Principles of Frontal Lobe Function · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0029 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence
Critchley, H. D., Mathias, C. J., Josephs, O., O’Doherty, J., Zanini, S., Dewar, B., Cipolotti, L., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg216 · Cited by 1,201 · see citing works
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (1996) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/6.2.215 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Rogers, R. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00091-8 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: A role in reward-based decision making
Bush, G., Vogt, B. A., Holmes, J., Dale, A. M., Greve, D., Jenike, M. A., & Rosen, B. R. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012470999 · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Dissociation Of Working Memory from Decision Making within the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Bechara, A., Damásio, H., Tranel, D., & Anderson, S. W. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-01-00428.1998 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Prefrontal–cingulate interactions in action monitoring
Gehring, W. J., & Knight, R. T. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/74899 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
The Prefrontal Cortex: Response Selection or Maintenance Within Working Memory?
Rowe, J. B., Toni, I., Josephs, O., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Passingham, R. E. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5471.1656 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Decision-making processes following damage to the prefrontal cortex
Manes, F., Sahakian, B., Clark, L., Rogers, R., Antoun, N., Aitken, M., & Robbins, T. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf049 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention
Melara, R. D. (2004) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483328768.n11 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Cools, R., Clark, L., Owen, A. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-11-04563.2002 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Critchley, H. D., Corfield, D. R., Chandler, M. P., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00259.x · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Dissociable Neural Responses in Human Reward Systems
Elliott, R., Friston, K. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06159.2000 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317205276 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Neural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation.
Critchley, H. D., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00225-2 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex and decision making in a mixed-strategy game
Barraclough, D. J., Conroy, M. L., & Lee, D. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1209 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention
(2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003048916 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Leibenluft, E., Blair, J., & Pine, D. S. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.038 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Fellows, L. K. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg180 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Fellows, L. K. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh108 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
O'Doherty, J., Critchley, H., Deichmann, R., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-21-07931.2003 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: Similarities and differences from young adults
Bjork, J. M., Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Caggiano, D. M., Bennett, S. M., & Hommer, D. W. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4862-03.2004 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Human Behavior and the Developing Brain
Torres, I. J. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.637-a · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Maia, T. V., & McClelland, J. L. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0406666101 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Development of “hot” executive function: The children’s gambling task
Kerr, A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00275-6 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Dissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection
Bunge, S. A., Hazeltine, E., Scanlon, M. D., Rosen, A. C., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1252 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationCrone, E. A., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2503_2 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman behavior and the developing brain
Dawson, G., & Fischer, K. W. (1994) · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Hooper, C. J., Luciana, M., Conklin, H. M., & Yarger, R. S. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1148 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Rogers, R. D., Ramnani, N., Mackay, C. E., Wilson, J. L., Jezzard, P., Carter, C. S., & Smith, S. M. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.012 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Choice selection and reward anticipation: an fMRI study
Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Munson, S., Eshel, N., Zarahn, E., Leibenluft, E., Zametkin, A., Towbin, K., et al. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.05.011 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Casey, B. J., Cohen, J. D., Jezzard, P., Turner, R., Noll, D. C., Trainor, R. J., Giedd, J. N., Kaysen, D. L., Hertz‐Pannier, L., & Rapoport, J. L. (1995) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1995.1029 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuis, S., Slagter, H. A., von Geusau, N. J. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., & Holroyd, C. B. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04152.x · Cited by 317 · see citing works
A Developmental Functional MRI Study of Spatial Working Memory
Thomas, K. M., King, S. W., Franzen, P. L., Welsh, T. F., Berkowitz, A. L., Noll, D. C., Birmaher, V., & Casey, B. J. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0466 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Both random and perseverative errors underlie WCST deficits in prefrontal patients
Barceló, F., & Knight, R. T. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00110-5 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Development of orbitofrontal function: Current themes and future directions
Happaney, K. R., Zelazo, P. D., & Stuss, D. T. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.01.001 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Human Midbrain Sensitivity to Cognitive Feedback and Uncertainty During Classification Learning
Aron, A. R., Daphna Shohamy, A., Clark, J. A., Myers, C. E., Gluck, M. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01209.2003 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The development of future-oriented prudence and altruism in preschoolers
Thompson, C., Barresi, J., & Moore, C. L. (1997) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(97)90013-7 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Cools, R., Clark, L., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4312-03.2004 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Schoenbaum, G., Chiba, A., & Gallagher, M. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-13-05179.2000 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Paulus, M. P., Hozack, N. E., Zauscher, B. E., McDowell, J. E., Frank, L. R., Brown, G. G., & BRAFF, D. L. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0667 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Overman, W. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00279-3 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Predicting events of varying probability: uncertainty investigated by fMRI
Volz, K. G., Schubotz, R. I., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00122-8 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The role of ventral frontostriatal circuitry in reward-based learning in humans.
Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Davidson, M., Spicer, J., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2431-05.2005 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Functional connectivity with anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortices during decision-making
Cohen, M. X., Heller, A. S., & Charan Ranganath, A. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.010 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
May, J. C., Delgado, M. R., Dahl, R. E., Stenger, V. A., Ryan, N. D., Fiez, J. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.11.008 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Neural activity in the human brain relating to uncertainty and arousal during anticipation
Critchley, H., Mathiast, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(01)91735-5 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Development of Affective Decision Making for Self and Other
Prencipe, A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01564.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
A Psychophysiological Analysis of Developmental Differences in the Ability to Resist Interference
Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van der Molen, M. W. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00921.x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Ursu, S., & Carter, C. S. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Paulus, M. P., Hozack, N. E., Frank, L. R., & Brown, G. G. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1031 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The Role of the Amygdala in Signaling Prospective Outcome of Choice
Kahn, I., Yeshurun, Y., Rotshtein, P., Fried, I., Ben-Bashat, D., & Hendler, T. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00626-8 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Ventral–striatal/nucleus–accumbens sensitivity to prediction errors during classification learning
Rodriguez, P. F., Aron, A. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20186 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
A Psychophysiological Analysis of Developmental Differences in the Ability to Resist Interference
Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van der Molen, M. W. (1995) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131797 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The somatic marker hypothesis: still many questions but no answers
Maia, T. V., & McClelland, J. L. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.006 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Electrophysiological evidence of two different types of error in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Barceló, F. (1999) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199904260-00027 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Development of Error‐Monitoring Event‐Related Potentials in Adolescents
Davies, P. L., Segalowitz, S. J., & GAVIN, W. J. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1308.039 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Cardiac concomitants of feedback processing
Crone, E. A., van der Veen, F. M., van der Molen, M. W., Somsen, R. J. M., van Beek, B., & Jennings, J. R. (2003) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(03)00106-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional magnetic resonance imaging: basic principles of and application to developmental science
Casey, B. J., Davidson, M. C., & Rosen, B. R. (2002) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00370 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
PRINCIPLES OF FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION
Harrison, P. J. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg121 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kirkham, N. Z., & Diamond, A. (2003) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00303 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cognitive psychophysiology: a window to cognitive development and brain maturation.
Molenaar, P. C. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (1994) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Xiong (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1999)8:2/3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Verdejo‐García, A., Lawrence, A. J., & Clark, L. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation
Shulman, E. P., Smith, A. R., Silva, K., Icenogle, G., Duell, N., Chein, J., & Steinberg, L. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.010 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
“…studies find the opposite pattern—dampened striatal response during adolescence relative to adulthood (Bjork et al., 2004, 2010; Hoogendam et al., 2013; Lamm et al., 2014)—and others fail to demonstrate any age differences (Krain et al., 2006; Teslovich et al., 2014; Van Leijenhorst et al., 2006).”
Adolescent risky decision-making: Neurocognitive development of reward and control regions
Van Leijenhorst, L., Moor, B. G., Op de Macks, Z. A., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Westenberg, P. M., & Crone, E. A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.038 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat Motivates the Adolescent? Brain Regions Mediating Reward Sensitivity across Adolescence
Van Leijenhorst, L., Zanolie, K., Van Meel, C. S., Westenberg, P. M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp078 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Self-citationMohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0003-10.2010 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Dahl, R. E., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000017 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Immaturities in reward processing and its influence on inhibitory control in adolescence.
Geier, C. F., Terwilliger, R., Teslovich, T., Velanova, K., & Luna, B. (2010) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp225 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental changes in working memory and cognitive control
Bunge, S. A., & Wright, S. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.02.005 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationEshel, N., Nelson, E. E., Blair, R. J., Pine, D. S., & Ernst, M. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.004 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Spear, L. P. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.08.001 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Silverman, M. H., Jedd, K., & Luciana, M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.083 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Functional brain imaging across development
Rubia, K. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0291-8 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The triadic model perspective for the study of adolescent motivated behavior
Ernst, M. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.006 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Monique Ernst, D., Romeo, R. D., & Andersen, S. L. (2008) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.12.013 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The maturation of incentive processing and cognitive control
Geier, C., & Luna, B. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.01.021 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Hämmerer, D., Li, S., Müller, V., & Lindenberger, U. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21475 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Richards, J. M., Plate, R. C., & Ernst, M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.004 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Van Leijenhorst, L., Westenberg, P. M., & Crone, E. A. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701884287 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationSilveri, M. M., Sneider, J. T., Crowley, D. J., Covell, M. J., Acharya, D., Rosso, I. M., & Jensen, J. E. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.033 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Ramscar, M., & Yarlett, D. G. (2007) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1080/03640210701703576 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
van den Bos, W., & Hertwig, R. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40962 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Biological, Developmental, and Neurobehavioral Factors Relevant to Adolescent Driving Risks
Dahl, R. E. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.013 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Age differences in the impact of peers on adolescents’ and adults’ neural response to reward
Smith, A. R., Steinberg, L., Strang, N., & Chein, J. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.010 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Reward-related processing in the human brain: developmental considerations
Fareri, D. S., Martin, L. N., & Delgado, M. R. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000576 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Crone, E. A., & van der Molen, M. W. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01066.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-regulation: Brain, cognition, and development.
Berger, A. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12327-000 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Suzuki, S., Jensen, E. L. S., Bossaerts, P. L., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1600092113 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Cilia, R., Cho, S. S., van Eimeren, T., Marotta, G., Siri, C., Ko, J. H., Pellecchia, G., Pezzoli, G., Antonini, A., & Strafella, A. P. (2011) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23480 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Studer, B., Manes, F. F., Humphreys, G. W., Robbins, T. W., & Clark, L. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht197 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Developmental change and the nature of learning in childhood
Ramscar, M., & Gitcho, N. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.007 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The role of the anterior insula in adolescent decision making
Smith, A. R., Steinberg, L., & Chein, J. (2014) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000358918 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Guyer, A. E., Benson, B., Choate, V. R., Bar-Haim, Y., Perez-Edgar, K., Jarcho, J. M., Pine, D. S., Ernst, M., Fox, N. A., & Nelson, E. E. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000941 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Adolescent brain development: Implications for the juvenile criminal justice system.
Luna, B., & Wright, C. M. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14643-005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Frontostriatal Circuits and the Development of Bulimia Nervosa
Berner, L. A., & Marsh, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00395 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Decision-Making Under Risk in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Paulsen, D. J., Platt, M. L., Huettel, S. A., & Brannon, E. M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00072 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms supporting flexible performance adjustment during development
Crone, E. A., Zanolie, K., Van Leijenhorst, L., Westenberg, P. M., & Rombouts, S. A. R. B. (2008) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.8.2.165 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental effects of reward on sustained attention networks
Smith, A. B., Halari, R., Giampetro, V., Brammer, M., & Rubia, K. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.072 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Developmental changes and individual differences in risk and perspective taking in adolescence
Crone, E. A., Bullens, L., van der Plas, E. A. A., Kijkuit, E. J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000588 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationUncertainty and engagement with learning games
Howard‐Jones, P. A., & Demetriou, S. (2008) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-008-9073-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Feedback and reward processing in high-functioning autism
Larson, M. J., South, M., Krauskopf, E., Clawson, A., & Crowley, M. J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.11.006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The adolescent brain: Insights from functional neuroimaging research
Ernst, M., & Mueller, S. (2008) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.20615 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
How should I decide? The neural correlates of everyday moral reasoning
Sommer, M., Rothmayr, C., Döhnel, K., Meinhardt, J., Schwerdtner, J., Sodian, B., & Hajak, G. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.023 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Age-related differences in neural activities during risk taking as revealed by functional MRI
Lee, T. M. C., Leung, A. W. S., Fox, P. T., Gao, J., & Chan, C. C. H. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm033 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Neural correlates of the development of cognitive control
Bunge, S. A., & Crone, E. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511757402.005 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationOrganisation of executive functions: Hemispheric asymmetries
Vallesi, A. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2012.678992 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Hämmerer, D., & Eppinger, B. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027342 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Harms, M. B., Zayas, V., Meltzoff, A. N., & Carlson, S. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00331 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Development of Risk Aversion from Early Childhood to Adulthood
Paulsen, D. J., Carter, R. M., Platt, M. L., Huettel, S. A., & Brannon, E. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00178 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Developmental Effects of Incentives on Response Inhibition
Geier, C. F., & Luna, B. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01771.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Lamm, C., Benson, B. E., Guyer, A. E., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., & Monique Ernst, D. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.12.003 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Differences in feedback- and inhibition-related neural activity in adult ADHD
Dibbets, P., Evers, E. A. T., Hurks, P. P. M., Marchetta, N. D. J., & Jolles, J. (2009) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.01.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Decision Making on a Gambling Task
Carlson, S. M., Vivian Zayas, A., & Guthormsen, A. M. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01318.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Feedback-Driven Trial-by-Trial Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Solomon, M., Frank, M. J., Ragland, J. D., Smith, A. C., Niendam, T. A., Lesh, T. A., Grayson, D. S., Beck, J. S., Matter, J. C., & Carter, C. S. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14010036 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Methodological approaches in developmental neuroimaging studies
Luna, B., Velanova, K., & Geier, C. F. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21073 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Reward speeds up and increases consistency of visual selective attention: a lifespan comparison
Störmer, V. S., Eppinger, B., & Li, S. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0273-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Predicting Gambling Behavior in Sixth Grade From Kindergarten Impulsivity
Pagani, L. S., Derevensky, J. L., & Japel, C. (2009) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Claus, E. D., Ewing, S. W. F., Magnan, R. E., Montanaro, E. A., Hutchison, K. E., & Bryan, A. D. (2017) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-017-9723-x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Silvers, J. A., Buhle, J. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Brain regions involved in the learning and application of reward rules in a two-deck gambling task
Hartstra, E., Oldenburg, J. F. E., Leijenhorst, L. V., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat are the Odds? The Neural Correlates of Active Choice during Gambling
Studer, B., Apergis-Schoute, A. M., Robbins, T. W., & Clark, L. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00046 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bednarski, S. R., Erdman, E., Luo, X., Zhang, S., Hu, S., & Li, C.-S. R. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01672.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Maturation cérébrale à l’adolescence : vulnérabilité comportementale
Monique Ernst, D., & Korelitz, K. E. (2009) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(09)73469-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kikuchi, S., Iwata, K., Onishi, Y., Kubota, F., Nisijima, K., Tamai, H., Koizumi, Y., Watanabe, E., & Kato, S. (2007) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.01.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The neural basis of risky decision-making in a blackjack task
Yang, J., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Qiu, J., & Zhang, Q. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282ef7565 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Schmidt, A., Hanten, G. R., Li, X., Vásquez, A. C., Wilde, E. A., Chapman, S. B., & Levin, H. S. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.11.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bhanji, J. P., Beer, J. S., & Bunge, S. A. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.030 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationShad, M. U., Bidesi, A. P., Chen, L.-A., Ernst, M., & Rao, U. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.03.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cui, L., Ye, M., Sun, L., Zhang, S., & He, G. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104851 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Pei, R., Lauharatanahirun, N., Cascio, C. N., O’Donnell, M. B., Shope, J. T., Simons‐Morton, B. G., Vettel, J. M., & Falk, E. B. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100794 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kim, S., Lee, M.-J., Chung, Y., & Bong, M. (2010) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.04.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Neurobiology of decision-making in adolescents
Shad, M. U., Bidesi, A. S., Chen, L.-A., Thomas, B. P., Monique Ernst, D., & Rao, U. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.09.033 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Temporal Characteristics of EEG Microstates Mediate Trial-by-Trial Risk Taking
Pedroni, A., Gianotti, L. R. R., Koenig, T. W., Lehmann, D., Faber, P. L., & Knoch, D. (2016) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-016-0539-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kray, J., Schmitt, H., Lorenz, C., & Ferdinand, N. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00768 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Humphreys, K. L., Telzer, E. H., Flannery, J., Goff, B., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Gee, D. G., Lee, S. S., & Tottenham, N. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000116 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A fuzzy trace theory of adolescent risk taking: Beyond self-control and sensation seeking.
Chick, C. F., & Reyna, V. F. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13493-013 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Qi, X., Yang, Y., Dai, S., Gao, P., Du, X., Zhang, Y., Du, G., Li, X., & Zhang, Q. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.024 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Li, R. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kids, candy, brain and behavior: Age differences in responses to candy gains and losses
Luking, K. R., Luby, J. L., & Barch, D. M. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.01.005 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Reactive and proactive control in incarcerated and community adolescents and young adults
Iselin, A.-M. R., & DeCoster, J. (2008) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.07.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kahn, L. E., Peake, S. J., Dishion, T. J., Stormshak, E. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00694 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Asymmetric neural tracking of gain and loss magnitude during adolescence
Insel, C., & Somerville, L. H. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy058 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hwang, S., White, S. F., Nolan, Z. T., Sinclair, S., & Blair, J. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Developmental and Sex-Related Differences in Preschoolers' Affective Decision Making
Heilman, R. M., Miu, A. C., & Bengà, O. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802266436 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Maturation of Cognitive Control and the Adolescent Brain
Luna, B. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70573-4_13 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Frontal Lobe Activation Mediates the Relation Between Sensation Seeking and Cortisol Increases
Freeman, H. D., & Beer, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00659.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Desarrollo cerebral y asuncion de riesgos durante la adolescencia
Delgado, A. O. (2012) · APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA · doi:10.55414/bk8xk328 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
de Macks, Z. A. O., Flannery, J., Peake, S. J., Flournoy, J. C., Mobasser, A., Alberti, S. L., Fisher, P. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.058 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Yang, J., & Zhang, Q. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01202.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Jansen, B. R. J., Griffioen, E. S., van der Molen, M. W., & Huizenga, H. M. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.01.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Magnan, R. E. (2013) · Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research · doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000217 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The benefits of negative yet informative feedback
Kim, S., Hwang, S.-Y., & Lee, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205183 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Developmental Differences in Probabilistic Reversal Learning: A Computational Modeling Approach
Weiß, E. O., Kruppa, J. A., Fink, G. R., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., Konrad, K., & Schulte‐Rüther, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.536596 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Luking, K. R., Neiman, J. S., Luby, J. L., & Barch, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1012721 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Parsing neural mechanisms of social and physical risk identifications
Qin, J., & Han, S. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20604 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hu, J., Lee, D. S., Hu, S., Zhang, S., Chao, H. H., & Li, C. R. (2015) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-015-1061-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Keulers, E. H. H., Stiers, P. L. J., & Jolles, J. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.059 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Neural activities underlying environmental and personal risk identification tasks
Qin, J., Lee, T. M. C., Wang, F., Mao, L., & Han, S. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lee, J., & Jeong, J. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yaple, Z. A., Yu, R., & Arsalidou, M. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25103 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Werner, J., Weisbrod, M., Resch, F., Roessner, V., & Bender, S. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-38 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- van Leijenhorst, L., Crone, E. A., & Bunge, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2158-2170
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077931784
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- University of California, Davis
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- risk estimation, feedback processing, gambling task, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, response conflict, children and adolescents, middle-aged adults, decision making under uncertainty
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Child, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Feedback, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Psychomotor Performance, Risk-Taking, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
