The neural basis of human moral cognition

Moll, Jorge; Zahn, Roland; de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo; Krueger, Frank; Grafman, Jordan

doi:10.1038/nrn1768

Cited by 930Psychology of Moral and Emotional JudgmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesEthics in Business and Education

The neural basis of human moral cognition

Moll, Jorge, Zahn, Roland, de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo, Krueger, Frank, Grafman, Jordan·2005·Nature Reviews Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nrn1768

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Abstract

Moral cognitive neuroscience is an emerging field of research that focuses on the neural basis of uniquely human forms of social cognition and behaviour. Recent functional imaging and clinical evidence indicates that a remarkably consistent network of brain regions is involved in moral cognition. These findings are fostering new interpretations of social behavioural impairments in patients with brain dysfunction, and require new approaches to enable us to understand the complex links between individuals and society. Here, we propose a cognitive neuroscience view of how cultural and context-dependent knowledge, semantic social knowledge and motivational states can be integrated to explain complex aspects of human moral cognition.

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Moral emotion deficits are not unique to ventromedial lesions; mesolimbic and basal forebrain lesions may also cause morally inappropriate behaviour.
“Moral emotion deficits are not unique to patients with ventromedial lesions.Patients with lesions to mesolimbic and basal forebrain regions may also exhibit morally inappropriate behaviour (Moll et al, 2005).”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Moll et al, 2005

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Give unto others: genetically unrelated cotton-top tamarin monkeys preferentially give food to those who altruistically give food back
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Pedophilia and Temporal Lobe Disturbances
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Reduced temporal lobe volume in early onset conduct disorder
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Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect
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Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Lesions in Humans Eliminate Implicit Gender Stereotyping
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Long-term psychological consequences of childhood frontal lobe lesion in patient DT
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The Central Nervous System –Structure and Function
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Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About Human Social Evolution
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Dissecting the Computational Architecture of Social Inference Mechanisms
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Category-Specific Representations of Social and Nonsocial Knowledge in the Human Prefrontal Cortex
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The physiology of motivation.
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Psychological Structure and Neural Correlates of Event Knowledge
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Roots of Social Sensibility and Neural Function
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Grass-roots justice in Tanzania
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Persisting Childish Behavior after Bilateral Thalamic Infarcts
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Did Samson Have Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Behavioral and emotional changes after focal frontal lobe damage
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Cortico-hippocampal communication by way of parallel parahippocampal-subicular pathways.
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<i>The Brain's Default Network</i>: <i>Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease</i>
Buckner, R. L., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1440.011 · Cited by 9,761 · see citing works
“Solving moral dilemmas may be exactly the kind of situation where people simulate alternative events in the service of evaluating them (see Moll et al. 2005 for related discussion).”
Background
On the relationship between emotion and cognition
Pessoa, L. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2317 · Cited by 2,350 · see citing works
The Social Brain: Neural Basis of Social Knowledge
Adolphs, R. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
“Studies of moral cognition mentioned elsewhere in this review underscore the importance of VMPC in social decision-making (Koenigs et al. 2007, Moll et al. 2005).”
Psychopathy as a Clinical and Empirical Construct
Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452 · Cited by 1,449 · see citing works
Longitudinal Development of Human Brain Wiring Continues from Childhood into Adulthood
Lebel, C., & Beaulieu, C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5302-10.2011 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
“Frontal connections including these association tracts support complex cognitive processing (Moll et al., 2005; Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006; Jung and Haier, 2007), much of which continues developing during late adolescence and early adulthood.”
Background
The brain's default network and its adaptive role in internal mentation
Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2012) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858411403316 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Human fronto–mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation
Moll, J., Krueger, F., Zahn, R., Pardini, M., de Oliveira-Souza, R., & Grafman, J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604475103 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Self-citation
Universal moral grammar: theory, evidence and the future
Mikhail, J. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.12.007 · Cited by 885 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Social Decision-Making
Rilling, J. K., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131647 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
“…relevant) work within the broader domain of social neuroscience , including the neuroscience of moral decision-making (Greene et al. 2004, Moll et al. 2005), theory of mind (Gallagher & Frith 2003, Saxe et al. 2004), face processing (Haxby et al. 2002, Todorov et al. 2008), attitudes…”
Background
Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences
Fehr, E., & Camerer, C. F. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.002 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy
Blair, R. J. R. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.07.003 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS)
Kurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. R. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy
Bzdok, D., Schilbach, L., Vogeley, K., Schneider, K., Laird, A. R., Langner, R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y · Cited by 653 · see citing works
“FMRI findings by Moll and Schulkin (2009), Moll et al. (2005a) and Moll et al. (2006), however, were interpreted as revealing a dissociation between group-oriented (i.e., pro-social) and self-oriented (i.e., egoistic) affective drives in moral cognition.”
BackgroundResult
Minds at rest? Social cognition as the default mode of cognizing and its putative relationship to the “default system” of the brain
Schilbach, L., Eickhoff, S. B., Rotarska-Jagiela, A., Fink, G. R., & Vogeley, K. (2008) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.03.013 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
SOCIAL: An integrative framework for the development of social skills.
Beauchamp, M. H., & Anderson, V. A. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0017768 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths
Blair, J. (2013) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3577 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Reward-related reversal learning after surgical excisions in orbito-frontal or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans
Hornak, J., O'Doherty, J., Bramham, J., Rolls, E. T., Morris, R. G., Bullock, P. R., & Polkey, C. E. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904322926791 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
The Neural Signature of Social Norm Compliance
Spitzer, M., Fischbacher, U., Herrnberger, B., Grön, G., & Fehr, E. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.09.011 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
“…of economic choice (Glimcher et al., 2005; Hsu et al., 2005), social cognition (Adolphs, 2001, 2003), moral judgment (Greene et al., 2001, 2004; Moll et al., 2002, 2005; Raine and Yang, 2006), social cooperation (Rilling et al., 2002; Singer et al., 2006; Delgado et al., 2005; King-Casas et…”
Background
Social Network Size Affects Neural Circuits in Macaques
Sallet, J., Mars, R. B., Noonan, M. P., Andersson, J. L., O’Reilly, J. X., Jbabdi, S., Croxson, P. L., Jenkinson, M., Miller, K. L., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1210027 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Social concepts are represented in the superior anterior temporal cortex
Zahn, R., Moll, J., Krüeger, F., Huey, E. D., Garrido, G. J., & Grafman, J. H. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607061104 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Self-citation
The contribution of emotion and cognition to moral sensitivity: A neurodevelopmental study
Decety, J., Michalska, K. J., & Kinzler, K. D. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr111 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Action, Outcome, and Value
Cushman, F. A. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868313495594 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Selective deficit in personal moral judgment following damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Ciaramelli, E., Muccioli, M., Làdavas, E., & di Pellegrino, G. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm001 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
The parent–infant dyad and the construction of the subjective self
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., & Target, M. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01727.x · Cited by 555 · see citing works
“Such theories often assume – either explicitly or implicitly – a basic human-specific drive to share psychological states with others (e.g., Tomasello, Carpenter, Call, Behne, & Moll, 2005).”
Background
A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences
Gintis, H., Ainslie, G., Arnhart, L., Bentley, R., Brown, R., Brown, S. L., Burgess, R. L., Molenaar, P., Clarke, S., Colman, A., et al. (2007) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x07000581 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
“Brain regions involved in moral judgments and behavior include the prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the superior temporal sulcus (Moll et al. 2005).”
Background
On The Use of Neurophysiological Tools in Is Research: Developing A Research Agenda for Neurois1
Dimoka, A., Banker, R. D., Benbasat, I., Davis, F. D., Dennis, A. R., Gefen, D., Gupta, A., Ischebeck, A. K., Kenning, Pavlou, P. A., et al. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41703475 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
The Neural Correlates of Third-Party Punishment
Buckholtz, J. W., Asplund, C. L., Dux, P. E., Zald, D. H., Gore, J. C., Jones, O. D., & Marois, R. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.016 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
“…et al., 2005; Koenigs and Tranel, 2007; Greene and Haidt, 2002; Greene et al., 2001, 2004; Haidt, 2001; Heekeren et al., 2003; Koenigs et al., 2007; Moll et al., 2002b, 2005), and provide preliminary neuroscientific support for a proposed role of emotions in legal decision-making (Arkush, 2008;…”
The origins of altruism in offspring care.
Preston, S. D. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031755 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Implicit and explicit evaluation: fMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes
Cunningham, W. A., Raye, C. L., & Johnson, M. K. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947919 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Psychopaths know right from wrong but don’t care
Cima, M., Tonnaer, F., & Hauser, M. D. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp051 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“Commonly, this intuitive process has been aligned with the emotions, and more specifically, the source of our moral judgments lie in our feelings about particular actions and outcomes (Blair et al., 2005; Haidt, 2001; Moll et al. 2007; Nichols, 2004; Prinz, 2008).”
Background
On the evolutionary origins of executive functions
Ardila, A. (2008) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.03.003 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders
Elliott, R., Zahn, R., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.77 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
“Patients with lesions to mesolimbic and basal forebrain regions may also exhibit morally inappropriate behavior (Moll et al, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Emotion, decision making, and the amygdala.
Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.020 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
“…sensitivity of the amygdala to motivational information provided by faces, including to complex social information such as moral status, trust, and suspicion (Adolphs et al., 1998; Adolphs and Spezio, 2006; Calder and Young, 2005; Moll et al., 2005; Singer et al., 2004; Winston et al., 2002).”
Background
The journal of developmental processes
Disorders, L., & Milton (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 325 · see citing works
The Roles of Left Versus Right Anterior Temporal Lobes in Conceptual Knowledge: An ALE Meta-analysis of 97 Functional Neuroimaging Studies
Rice, G. E., Ralph, M. L., & Hoffman, P. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv024 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“This latter proposal resonates closely with previous suggestions fromfMRI that temporopolar regions are crucial in the representation of social and emotionally laden abstract concepts due to strong connectivity with limbic and orbitofrontal regions (Moll et al. 2005; Zahn et al. 2007; Vigliocco et al. 2014).”
Result
The Role of the Human Prefrontal Cortex in Social Cognition and Moral Judgment
Forbes, C. E., & Grafman, J. H. (2010) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153230 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
“Overall, implicit social cognitive and moral judgment processing typically involves the amygdala, insula, hypothalamus, ACC, OFC, and sensory cortex (Cunningham & Zelazo 2007, Moll et al. 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: Relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology
Haglund, M., Nestadt, P. S., Cooper, N. S., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000430 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
What we say and what we do: The relationship between real and hypothetical moral choices
FeldmanHall, O., Mobbs, D., Evans, D., Hiscox, L. V., Navrady, L. B., & Dalgleish, T. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.02.001 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Moral judgments, emotions and the utilitarian brain
Moll, J., & de Oliveira‐Souza, R. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.001 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychopathy: Assessment and Forensic Implications
Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905401202 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Size matters: Increased grey matter in boys with conduct problems and callous–unemotional traits
De Brito, S. A., Mechelli, A., Wilke, M., Laurens, K. R., Jones, A. P., Barker, G. J., Hodgins, S., & Viding, E. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp011 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Finally, several models derived from human lesion studies and fMRI work in healthy individuals have identified the medial orbitofrontal cortex, among other brain regions, as one of the core regions for human moral cognition (Moll et al., 2005; Blair, 2007).”
Background
Annual Research Review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition
Happe, F. G. E., & Frith, U. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12162 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
“Reflecting these two components, neuroimaging and lesion studies (reviewed by Moll et al., 2005) suggest moral cognition involves the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala and posterior superior temporal sulcus.”
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Intrinsic Amygdala–Cortical Functional Connectivity Predicts Social Network Size in Humans
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“…Knutson, 2010; Price and Drevets, 2010; Barbas et al., 2011) and human functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in social cognition (Moll et al., 2005; Lieberman, 2007; Adolphs, 2009; Rilling and Sanfey, 2011), we developed a hypothetical neuroanatomical framework in which separate…”
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A Dynamic Model of Guilt: Implications for Motivation and Self-Regulation in the Context of Prejudice
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“…throughout, this is not intended to be an in-depth review of social neuroscience (Adolphs, 2003a, 2009; Amodio and Frith, 2006; Frith, 2007; Moll et al., 2005; Saxe, 2006b) but rather a more theoretically oriented discussion of its conceptual foundations and challenges, with an emphasis on…”
Development during Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion
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Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry
de Oliveira‐Souza, R., Hare, R. D., Bramati, I. E., Garrido, G. J., Ignácio, F. A., Tovar-Moll, F. F., & Moll, J. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.054 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“We hypothesized that (i) patients high in psychopathy display volumetric reductions in a set of brain regions that underpin moral behavior (Moll et al., 2005), which includes the basal forebrain-hypothalamus, frontal and temporal poles, STS region and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and (ii) the degree…”
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Social cognition and the anterior temporal lobes
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“Moreover, other high-level social tasks evoke activations in the ATL: moral judgments (Moll et al., 2005), socio-emotional stories (Ferstl and von Cramon, 2007) and sounds evoking a social scene such as footsteps (Saarela and Hari, 2008).”
Background
The Neural Basis of Human Social Values: Evidence from Functional MRI
Zahn, R., Moll, J., Paiva, M., Garrido, G., Krueger, F., Huey, E. D., & Grafman, J. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn080 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“…conceptual representations within the superior aTL, emotional states represented in mesolimbic and basal forebrain regions (hypothalamus, septum, VTA, anterior insula) and emotion--action associations in OFC as well as sequential action outcomes in anterior medial PFC regions (Moll et al. 2005).”
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Infection, Incest, and Iniquity: Investigating the Neural Correlates of Disgust and Morality
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Convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition: a twofold fMRI meta-analysis and lesion approach
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“Undoubtedly, other brain regions (e.g., LTPJ), other cognitive processes (e.g., cognitive control, emotional empathy, emotion regulation), and other specific mental state factors (e.g., desires, goals, intentions) also contribute to moral judgment (Farrow et al., 2001; Heekeren, Wartenburger, Schmidt, Schwintowski, &…”
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The neural correlates of race
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Morality: An Evolutionary Account
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“This region has been consistently implicated in moral decisionmaking in healthy populations (Greene & Haidt, 2002; Moll et al., 2005; Raine & Yang, 2006) and may support the integration of emotional responses with moral decision-making.”
Governing lethal behavior
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How culture gets embrained: Cultural differences in event-related potentials of social norm violations
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The self as a moral agent: linking the neural bases of social agency and moral sensitivity
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“They also affirm that prefrontal cortex has a central role in the internalization of moral values and norms through the integration of cultural and contextual information during development (Moll et al., 2005).”
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The Neural Basis of Moral Cognition
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“For example, step eight involves a willingness to make amends to those harmed, and performing such behaviors may involve changes neurocircuitry implicated in social reciprocity and moral decision making (Moll et al., 2005,Potenza, 2009a).”
Social context and perceived agency affects empathy for pain: An event-related fMRI investigation
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“Recent social neuroscience work suggests that the vmPFC/mOFC, anterior PCC, STS, amygdala, and anterior temporal lobes including TP play a crucial role in moral judgment (Moll et al., 2005, 2007).”
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Evidence for a different role of the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex for social reactive aggression: An interactive fMRI study
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“Together with other areas, this region is highly important for moral reasoning (Moll et al., 2005).”
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Neuroscience meets dance/movement therapy: Mirror neurons, the therapeutic process and empathy
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“The three ethics correspond to ‘‘central motives’’ that color perception and goal setting and which comprise part of what Moll and colleagues call the event–feature–emotion complexes that drive moral cognitive phenomena (Moll et al., 2005).”
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Novel findings from 2,838 Adult Brains on Sex Differences in Gray Matter Brain Volume
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“Brain regions involved in moral judgments and behavior include the prefrontal cortex, the orbitalfrontal cortex, and the superior temporal sulcus (Moll et al. 2005).”
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The price of your soul: neural evidence for the non-utilitarian representation of sacred values
Berns, G. S., Bell, E., Capra, C. M., Prietula, M. J., Moore, S. E., Anderson, B., Ginges, J., & Scott Atran, B. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0262 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
The role of prediction in social neuroscience
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“This is confirmed in studies showing activity in the reward circuit when giving charitable donations (Moll et al., 2005; Harbaugh et al., 2007).”
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Stress alters personal moral decision making
Youssef, F. F., Dookeeram, K., Basdeo, V., Francis, E., Doman, M., Mamed, D., Maloo, S., Degannes, J., Dobo, L., Ditshotlo, P., et al. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.017 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“However there is also activation of the inferior parietal lobes, the anterior temporal lobes and the anterior cingulate gyrus (Moll et al., 2005; Robertson et al., 2007), all considered important in processing emotions.”
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Cruelty's rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators
Nell, V. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06009058 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Can Innate, Modular “Foundations” Explain Morality? Challenges for Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory
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Social cognition, executive functioning, and neuroimaging correlates of empathic deficits in frontotemporal dementia
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Social conceptual impairments in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with right anterior temporal hypometabolism
Zahn, R., Moll, J., Iyengar, V., Huey, E. D., Tierney, M., Krüeger, F., & Grafman, J. H. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn343 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
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The role of emotions for moral judgments depends on the type of emotion and moral scenario.
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The medial prefrontal cortex mediates social event knowledge
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The Truth about Lying: Inhibition of the Anterior Prefrontal Cortex Improves Deceptive Behavior
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“An increase in antisocial behavior following PFC impairment is supposed to result from a release of limbic areas from PFC executive control (Moll et al. 2005).”
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The Five Factors of personality and regional cortical variability in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Kapogiannis, D., Sutin, A., Davatzikos, C., Costa, P., & Resnick, S. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22108 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“A is primarily a dimension of interpersonal tendencies and its positive association with (R) OFC volume may relate to the region’s key role in social and moral cognition [Behrens et al., 2009; Moll et al., 2005] and trust [Phan et al., 2010].”
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Conceptualizing and Measuring Intuition: A Review of Recent Trends
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Evolution and ontogeny of stress response to social challenges in the human child
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“…basic neuroanatomical structures involved with human social aptitudes has increased dramatically (e.g., Allman, 1999; Damasio, 2003; Duvarci, Nader, & LeDoux, 2005; Gallese, 2005; Gallese, Keysers, & Rizzolatti, 2004; Moll et al., 2005), the mechanisms that guide their ontogeny remain uncertain.”
Background
Individual differences in moral judgment competence influence neural correlates of socio-normative judgments.
Prehn, K., Wartenburger, I., Mériau, K., Scheibe, C., Goodenough, O., Villringer, A., van der Meer, E., & Heekeren, H. (2008) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm037 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…superior temporal sulcus (PSTS), that is, brain regions which are involved in emotional as well as in cognitive information processing (see Greene and Haidt, 2002; Casebeer, 2003; Casebeer and Churchland, 2003; Moll et al., 2003, 2005; Goodenough and Prehn, 2004; Lieberman, 2007 for reviews).”
Functional segregation of the human dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., Bzdok, D., & Hensel, L. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu250 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“In contrast, moral judgments involve retrieval, manipulation, and binding of abstract social knowledge for probabilistic predictions (Moll et al. 2005; Bar 2007).”
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Moral emotions: A review and research agenda for management scholarship
Greenbaum, R. L., Bonner, J., Gray, T. W., & Mawritz, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2367 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Mapping the Multiple Graded Contributions of the Anterior Temporal Lobe Representational Hub to Abstract and Social Concepts: Evidence from Distortion-corrected fMRI
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“…prefrontal cortex) with social-affective behavior (Olson et al. 2007; Zahn et al. 2007; Simmons and Martin 2009) including the attribution of mental states (also known as “Theory of Mind”; Frith and Frith 2003), moral cognition (Moll et al. 2005) and processing of affect (Wicker et al. 2003).”
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Limits on legitimacy: Moral and religious convictions as constraints on deference to authority.
Skitka, L. J., Bauman, C. W., & Lytle, B. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015998 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Perhaps most important, researchers have begun to develop sophisticated theoretical approaches to morality that integrate previously disparate positions on these longstanding debates and explain how they can be incorporated into a single framework (e.g., Krebs, 2008; Moll, Zahn, de Oliveira-Souza, Krueger, & Grafman,…”
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Is Morality Unified? Evidence that Distinct Neural Systems Underlie Moral Judgments of Harm, Dishonesty, and Disgust
Parkinson, C. M., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P., Koralus, P., Mendelovici, A., McGeer, V., & Wheatley, T. P. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00017 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“…dorsal medial pFC (DMPFC), an area implicated in self-referential processing (Northoffet al., 2006)andthinking about others(Amodio & Frith, 2006), especially in ambiguous circumstances (Jenkins & Mitchell, 2010), is most widely associated with morally relevant processing (Moll, Zahn, et al., 2005).”
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A Framework for Understanding Moral Distress among Palliative Care Clinicians
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The neural processing of moral sensitivity to issues of justice and care
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“…sensory association area implicated in social and emotional behavior (Adolphs, 2003, Anderson et al., 1999 and Brothers, 1990) and in the processing of social emotions (Decety & Chaminade, 2003; Moll et al., 2002; Moll et al., 2002b and Moll et al., 2005b) for sensitivity to care moral issues.”
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Neuroethology of primate social behavior
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Neuroanatomy of Apathy and Disinhibition in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
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“We found mOFC disease in both disinhibited and apathetic subgroups. One possible account may be related to the anatomic extent of atrophy that is greater in the apathetic subgroup than the disinhibited subgroup. Clinically, we have observed that patients who are disinhibited can become apathetic over time. From this p…”
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Feelings of shame, embarrassment and guilt and their neural correlates: A systematic review
Bastin, C., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Moll, J., & Whittle, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.019 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
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The Anatomy of Motivation: An Evolutionary-Ecological Approach
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The neural basis of intuitive and counterintuitive moral judgment
Kahane, G., Wiech, K., Shackel, N. A., Farias, M., Savulescu, J., & Tracey, I. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Since these areas were not previously noted as central to moral cognition (Moll et al., 2005), it seems plausible that the observed neural activity reflects not the processes directly underlying intuitive judgments, but the processes that trigger them by making aspects of a moral situation more…”
Background

Authors: Moll, J., Zahn, R., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: Grafman, Jordan
ORCID: Moll, Jorge
Zahn, Roland
Grafman, Jordan
Venue: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-10
Volume: 6
Issue: 10
Pages: 799-809
ISSN: 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn1768
OpenAlex: W1568809335
Cited by: 930
References: 160
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 51
FWCI: 2.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Ethics in Business and Education
Keywords: moral cognition, neural basis of morality, moral judgment, social cognition, brain dysfunction, cultural knowledge, motivational states, ethical decision-making
MeSH terms: Brain, Cognition, Humans, Morals, Neural Pathways, Neurosciences

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The neural basis of human moral cognition

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