Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in young adulthood
Open accessAbstract
During early adulthood, a phase in which the central nervous system displays considerable plasticity and in which important cognitive traits are shaped, the effects of exercise on cognition remain poorly understood. We performed a cohort study of all Swedish men born in 1950 through 1976 who were enlisted for military service at age 18 ( N = 1,221,727). Of these, 268,496 were full-sibling pairs, 3,147 twin pairs, and 1,432 monozygotic twin pairs. Physical fitness and intelligence performance data were collected during conscription examinations and linked with other national databases for information on school achievement, socioeconomic status, and sibship. Relationships between cardiovascular fitness and intelligence at age 18 were evaluated by linear models in the total cohort and in subgroups of full-sibling pairs and twin pairs. Cardiovascular fitness, as measured by ergometer cycling, positively associated with intelligence after adjusting for relevant confounders (regression coefficient b = 0.172; 95% CI, 0.168–0.176). Similar results were obtained within monozygotic twin pairs. In contrast, muscle strength was not associated with cognitive performance. Cross-twin cross-trait analyses showed that the associations were primarily explained by individual specific, non-shared environmental influences (≥80%), whereas heritability explained <15% of covariation. Cardiovascular fitness changes between age 15 and 18 y predicted cognitive performance at 18 y. Cox proportional-hazards models showed that cardiovascular fitness at age 18 y predicted educational achievements later in life. These data substantiate that physical exercise could be an important instrument for public health initiatives to optimize educational achievements, cognitive performance, as well as disease prevention at the society level.
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Cardiovascular fitness positively correlates with cognition in young adults and preserves cognitive performance with aging.
“while cardiovascular fitness positively correlates with cognition in young adults (89) and preserves cognitive performance with aging (90).”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [89]
In the longitudinal Swedish study, between ages 15 and 18, those with top 10% improvement in cardiovascular fitness had the highest enhancement of global intelligence, logical, verbal, visuospatial, and technical scores, while those with declines had less than mean intelligence scores.
“The longitudinal arm of the Swedish study showed that between the ages of 15 and 18 yrs of age those with the top 10% of improvement in cardiovascular fitness scores had highest enhancement of global intelligence, logical, verbal, visuospatial, and technical scores while those subjects with declines in cardiovascular fitness had less than mean intelligence scores.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
In a Swedish cohort of men born 1950-1976 enlisted at age 18, cardiovascular fitness measured by ergometer cycling was positively associated with global intelligence scores, with aerobic capacity most strongly associated with logic and verbal intelligence.
“A cohort study of Swedish men born in 1950 through 1976 who were enlisted for military service at age 18 (N = 1,221,727) (1) reported that cardiovascular fitness, as measured by ergometer cycling, was positively associated with global intelligence scores with aerobic capacity most strongly associated with logic and verbal intelligence.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
Better cardiovascular fitness at age 18 was associated with higher socioeconomic status and educational attainment later in life.
“Further, an association between better cardiovascular fitness at age 18 yrs, a higher socioeconomic status, and educational attainment later in life existed.”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
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BackgroundGlymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia
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- Authors
- Åberg, M. A. I., Pedersen, N. L., Torén, K., Svartengren, M., Bäckstrand, B., Johnsson, T., Cooper-Kuhn, C. M., Åberg, N. D., Nilsson, M., & Kuhn, H. G.
- Affiliations
- Primary Health Care (QA)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- National Service Administration, SE-651 80 Karlstad, Sweden
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, and
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology;
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-12-08
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 49
- Pages
- 20906-20911
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2785721
- OpenAlex
- W2104564679
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 10.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Barncancerfonden
- Svenska Läkaresällskapet
- National Institutes of Health
- Sahlgrenska Akademin
- National Institute on Aging (AG 08724, R01AG008724)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA085739, CA-085739)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK066134, U01DK066134)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Keywords
- cardiorespiratory fitness, intelligence, cognitive performance, physical activity, early adulthood, heritability, monozygotic twins, nonshared environment, academic performance, conscripts, cycle ergometry, muscle strength
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Education, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Occupations, Physical Fitness, Twins, Proportional Hazards Models, Siblings, Inheritance Patterns, Muscle Strength, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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