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Lack of inhibition: a motivational deficit in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and children with traumatic brain injury
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that both brain-injured children and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suffer from response inhibition deficits. To investigate whether these deficits can be influenced by motivational factors, the stop-signal task was performed with and without reward contingencies for successful inhibition. Three groups of children between 8 and 12 years of age, participated in the study: 31 children with ADHD, 37 with traumatic brain injuries (TBI), and 26 normal controls. Results indicated that, although all groups showed comparable learning effects, reward contingencies had different effects on the groups. Whereas the performance of children with ADHD under reward contingencies were brought up to the performance level of normal controls, rewards were found less effective at improving response inhibition in children with TBI. The results further support a motivational/energetic explanation of the inhibitory deficit in children with ADHD, and of a primary response inhibition deficit due to structural brain damage in children with TBI.
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“It explained a phenomenon that performance can be improved to normal levels under conditions that are thought to increase arousal and/or motivation, such as the provision of external rewards (Konrad et al., 2000; Slusarek et al., 2001) or the faster presentation of stimuli (Scheres et al., 2001).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Konrad et al., 2000
In the citing paper
“In a previous behavioral study, we could demonstrate that boys with ADHD were particularly hyperresponsive to social rewards (i.e., smiles and friendly faces), indicating that the motivational context as defined by the type of attainable reward plays a significant role in influencing goal-directed behavior in children and adolescents with ADHD versus typically developing controls (Geurts et al., 2”
From Differentiating neural reward responsiveness in autism versus ADHD (2014) · cites this paper as Konrad et al., 2000
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The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: A review and theoretical appraisal
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“Another study reported three additional conditions that examined the effects of reinforcement and repetition (Konrad et al. 2000a).”
BackgroundA Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Luo, Y., Weibman, D., Halperin, J. M., & Li, X. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00042 · Cited by 394
“It explained a phenomenon that performance can be improved to normal levels under conditions that are thought to increase arousal and/or motivation, such as the provision of external rewards (Konrad et al., 2000; Slusarek et al., 2001) or the faster presentation of stimuli (Scheres et al.”
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Self-citationReaction time performance in ADHD: improvement under fast-incentive condition and familial effects
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“…with factors such as event rate (the presentation rate of stimuli ; for reviews see Sergeant, 2000; van der Meere, 2002; Sergeant, 2003) or rewards (Konrad et al. 2000; Slusarek et al. 2001) can substantially improve the performance of children with ADHD, in some cases to the level of controls ;…”
BackgroundPaloyelis, Y., Asherson, P., Mehta, M. A., Faraone, S. V., & Kuntsi, J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.124 · Cited by 180
“…to approach or equal control levels under task conditions that increase stimulation/arousal levels (Andreou et al, 2007; Johnson et al, 2007a; Johnson et al, 2007b; Konrad et al, 2000; Kuntsi et al, 2009; McInerney and Kerns, 2003; O’Connell et al, 2008; Slusarek et al, 2001; Uebel et al, 2010).”
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Self-citationFunctional MRI in ADHD: a systematic literature review
Paloyelis, Y., Mehta, M. A., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.10.1337 · Cited by 171
Executive Functions Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Young Children: A Preliminary Analysis
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“…to reinforcement in children with ADHD (see Carlson and Tamm 2000; Crone et al. 2003; Douglas and Parry 1994; Geurts et al. 2008; Kohls et al. 2009; Konrad et al. 2000; McInerny and Kerns 2003; Rapport et al. 1986; Shaw et al. 2005; Slusarek et al. 2001; Tripp and Alsop 1999, 2001), whereas the…”
Kohls, G., Peltzer, J., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00816.x · Cited by 145
Self-citationMarx, I., Häcker, T., Yu, X., Cortese, S., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718772138 · Cited by 137
Neuroimaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Beyond the Frontostriatal Circuitry
Cherkasova, M. V., & Hechtman, L. T. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905401002 · Cited by 138
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Fairchild, G. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.004 · Cited by 124
Attention?Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the post?genomic era
Asherson, P. J. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-1006-6 · Cited by 124
Neuropsychological correlates of emotional lability in children with ADHD
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“Informed written consent was obtained from parents and children respectively.”
ADHD and DCD: A relationship in need of research
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“Previous research has shown that factors that increase motivation or arousal, such as event rate (the presentation rate of stimuli) or rewards, can improve the performance of children with ADHD (Andreou et al., 2007; Konrad et al., 2000; Slusarek et al., 2001).”
Kuntsi, J., Andreou, P., Ma, J., Börger, N. A., & van der Meere, J. J. (2005) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-5-40 · Cited by 107
“Data from studies on diagnosed ADHD on the strength of the association between each subtype and task performance have not yielded a consistent pattern [10,37,42,43].”
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“C=28 Konrad et al. (2000) ADHD=16 - 1.15 - - - - - - - - -”
InfluentialKollins, S. H., & Adcock, R. A. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.002 · Cited by 95
“…immediate and externally-delivered reward improved the performance of ADHD patients, often to a greater extent than nondiagnosed controls (Carlson and Tamm, 2000; Carlson et al., 2000; Dovis et al., 2012; Konrad et al., 2000; Marx et al., 2013; McInerney and Kerns, 2003; Strand et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDennis, M., Agostino, A., Roncadin, C., & Levin, H. S. (2009) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390802572419 · Cited by 92
“Children have trouble stopping ( Konrad, Gauggel, Manz, & Scholl, 2000 ), maintaining a counterfactual rule ( Manly, Robertson, Anderson, & Nimmo-Smith, 1999 ), and switching between salient and nonsalient responses ( Roncadin, Rich, Pascual-Leone, & Dennis, 2003 ).”
Aase, H., & Sagvolden, T. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01468.x · Cited by 92
Abnormal striatal BOLD responses to reward anticipation and reward delivery in ADHD
Furukawa, E., Bado, P., Tripp, G., Mattos, P., Wickens, J. R., Bramati, I. E., Alsop, B., Ferreira, F. M., Lima, D., Tovar-Moll, F., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089129 · Cited by 90
“This has been measured by effects on cognitive task performance [14–18], psychophysiological variables [16], [19–22] and choice behavior [23–32].”
MethodKUNTSI, J., WOOD, A. C., VAN DER MEERE, J., & ASHERSON, P. (2009) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770909081x · Cited by 80
“In two studies, an apparent response inhibition defi cit in ADHD “disappeared” following the introduction of incentives (Konrad et al., 2000 ; Slusarek et al., 2001 ); yet this is not consistently found, and in general, study results appear highly sensitive to task parameters (Luman et al., 2005 ).”
ResultInfluentialSalum, G. A., Sergeant, J. A., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Vandekerckhove, J., Gadelha, A., Pan, P. M., Moriyama, T. S., Graeff‐Martins, A. S., de Alvarenga, P. G., do Rosário, M. C., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000639 · Cited by 78
“2007) or following the introduction of incentives (Konrad et al. 2000; Slusarek et al. 2001; Kuntsi et al. 2009).”
BackgroundResultBoecker, M., Buecheler, M. V., Schroeter, M. L., & Gauggel, S. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.10.009 · Cited by 76
Self-citationSalum, G. A., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Sergeant, J. A., Vandekerckhove, J., Gadelha, A., Moriyama, T. S., Graeff‐Martins, A. S., Manfro, G. G., Polanczyk, G. V., & Rohde, L. A. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000919 · Cited by 80
“2007; Karalunas & Huang-Pollock, 2013), or following the introduction of incentives (Konrad et al. 2000; Slusarek et al. 2001; Kuntsi et al. 2009), and contradict inhibitory theories (Barkley, 1997; Quay, 1997; Wood et al.”
BackgroundKohls, G., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-20 · Cited by 73
Self-citationDesman, C., Petermann, F., & Hampel, P. (2008) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040701625831 · Cited by 73
“Further studies confirmed this view by showing an improved performance in reward conditions in children with ADHD (Carlson & Tamm, 2000; Konrad et al., 2000; cf. Luman et al., 2005).”
ResultSteenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Stock, A., Beste, C., & Colzato, L. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144364 · Cited by 82
What would Karl Popper say? Are current psychological theories of ADHD falsifiable?
Johnson, K. A., Wiersema, J. R., & Kuntsi, J. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-15 · Cited by 79
“In some studies, however, reward was more beneficial for children with ADHD than for controls [64,65].”
Strand, M. T., Hawk, L. W., Bubnik, M., Shiels, K., Pelham, W. E., & Waxmonsky, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9627-6 · Cited by 67
“, a sheet of stickers, a piece of candy, or a small toy) or prizes of only one value regardless of performance (e.g., Epstein, et al. 2011; Tripp and Aslop 2001; Konrad et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMa, I., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., & Scheres, A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.01.001 · Cited by 71
Huang‐Pollock, C. L., Mikami, A. Y., Pfiffner, L. J., & McBurnett, K. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701274124 · Cited by 68
“Furthermore, although previous studies counterbalanced the reward conditions (with the exception of Konrad et al., 2000, who presented conditions in fixed order), only Slusarek et al. (2001) examined the potential interaction of condition order (there were no significant findings).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStop or stop-change — does it make any difference for the inhibition process?
Boecker, M., Gauggel, S., & Drueke, B. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.009 · Cited by 59
Self-citationAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Kuntsi, J., McLoughlin, G., & Asherson, P. J. (2006) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1385/nmm:8:4:461 · Cited by 61
“, 2003) or rewards (Konrad et al., 2000; Slusarek et al., 2001) can improve the performance of children with ADHD to, or near to, the level of control children; cognitive “deficits,” or excessive variability, appear only in tasks or conditions that fail to optimize the child’s energetic state.”
BackgroundDrechsler, R., Rizzo, P., & Steinhausen, H.-C. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903190774 · Cited by 56
“Several studies have shown that motor timing can be influenced by reward in children with ADHD ( Konrad, Gauggel, Manz, & Scholl, 2000 ; McInerney & Kerns, 2003 ) and recent research indicates that response-time variability may be secondary to motivational deficits ( Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2008 ).”
BackgroundKrauel, K., Duzel, E., Hinrichs, H., Santel, S., Rellum, T., & Baving, L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.051 · Cited by 56
Neural correlates (ERP/fMRI) of voluntary selection in adult ADHD patients
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“With respect to response inhibition, patients with ADHD showed impaired inhibitory control [38, 48 , 60, 70] and a reduced P3 [6, 26].”
BackgroundWhat motivates individuals with ADHD? A qualitative analysis from the adolescent’s point of view
Morsink, S., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Mies, G. W., Glorie, N., Lemiere, J., der Oord, S. V., & Danckaerts, M. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0961-7 · Cited by 61
Konrad, K., Günther, T., Heinzel‐Gutenbrunner, M., & Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B. (2005) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.180 · Cited by 52
Self-citationResponse Inhibition After Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Children: Impairment and Recovery
Leblanc, N., Chen, S., Swank, P. R., Ewing‐Cobbs, L., Barnes, M. A., Dennis, M., Max, J. E., Levin, H. S., & Schachar, R. J. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2803_5 · Cited by 52
“Investigation of inhibitory control deficits in children after TBI using the stop-signal task has been limited to cross-sectional studies (Konrad et al., 2000b; Schachar, Levin, Max, Purvis, & Chen, 2004), but no longitudinal study has heretofore been published.”
MethodKonrad, K., Gauggel, S., & Schurek, J. O. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00057-0 · Cited by 51
Self-citationThe Impact of Financial Reward Contingencies on Cognitive Function Profiles in Adult ADHD
Marx, I., Höpcke, C., Berger, C., Wandschneider, R., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067002 · Cited by 52
“A post-hoc analysis was conducted to explore whether SSRT was abnormally prolonged relative to RT in the ADHD group, but no significant effects emerged (p..05).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDifferentiating neural reward responsiveness in autism versus ADHD
Kohls, G., Thönessen, H., Bartley, G. K., Grossheinrich, N., Fink, G. R., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.003 · Cited by 50
Self-citationDo Motivational Incentives Reduce the Inhibition Deficit in ADHD?
Shanahan, M. A., Pennington, B. F., & Willcutt, E. W. (2008) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565640701884238 · Cited by 50
“Three of these studies reported that reward normalized performance (Michel et al. 2005; Slusarek et al., 2001; Konrad et al., 2000), and three found no effects of reward on the primary variable, SSRT (Oosterlaan & Sergeant, 2001; Scheres et al.”
BackgroundNo Evidence for Inhibitory Deficits or Altered Reward Processing in ADHD
Demurie, E., Roeyers, H., Wiersema, J. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712473179 · Cited by 50
Deficits in analogical reasoning in adolescents with traumatic brain injury
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“Other studies have reported inhibitory control deficits in TBI individuals in go-no-go tasks (Konrad et al., 2000a,b), stop-signal tasks (Schachar et al., 2004), and shifting tasks (Levin et al., 1993). executive function in tRaumatic bRain injuRy Adolescents with TBI frequently have disruptions of…”
Fosco, W. D., Hawk, L. W., Rosch, K. S., & Bubnik, M. G. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0065-9 · Cited by 53
“Though not all studies observe this pattern [12,13], there is growing evidence that continuous reinforcement for cognitive performance is more beneficial for children with ADHD than controls [14-16].”
BackgroundThe Effects of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury on Verbal and Visual-Spatial Working Memory
Gorman, S. A., Barnes, M. A., Swank, P. R., Prasad, M. R., & Ewing‐Cobbs, L. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001251 · Cited by 51
Interventions for Attention Problems After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: What Is the Evidence?
Backeljauw, B., & Kurowski, B. G. (2014) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.04.004 · Cited by 44
“Konrad et al 2000 [37] Comparative study Three groups (n 1⁄494) ages 8-12 years (ADHD 1⁄4 31, TBI 1⁄4 37, normal controls 1⁄4 26), TBI group 6 months to 6 years after injury; Germany Reward conditions during tasks”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRosch, K. S., Fosco, W. D., Pelham, W. E., Waxmonsky, J. G., Bubnik, M. G., & Hawk, L. W. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0031-x · Cited by 43
“Studies examining the impact of contingencies on SST performance have used reinforcement either by itself (Huang-Pollock et al. 2007; Konrad et al. 2000; Scheres et al. 2001; Stevens et al. 2002), or in combination with or in comparison to punishment (Michel et al.”
InfluentialTatla, S. K., Sauve, K., Jarus, T., Virji‐Babul, N., & Holsti, L. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.890747 · Cited by 43
“47) in response to reward reinforcement (level II–W) [20].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSinopoli, K. J., Schachar, R. J., & Dennis, M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.562864 · Cited by 49
“However, the ADHD groups were not directly compared in this study (Konrad et al., 2000b), so it is unknown whether or not they responded similarly to reward.”
InfluentialReward modulation of cognitive function in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Aarts, E., van Holstein, M., Hoogman, M., Onnink, A. M. H., Kan, C. C., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Cools, R. (2014) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000116 · Cited by 45
“The hypothesis also concurs with observations that cognitive deficits in children with ADHD can be remediated by increases in motivation (Konrad et al., 2000; Slusarek et al., 2001; Uebel et al., 2010), although inconsistent findings have also been reported (Oosterlaan and Sergeant, 1998; Desman et al.”
ResultHuizenga, H. M., van Bers, B. M. C. W., Plat, J., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.021 · Cited by 42
Durston, S., & Konrad, K. (2007) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.05.001 · Cited by 46
Self-citationWhen response inhibition is followed by response reengagement: an event-related fMRI study
Boecker, M., Drueke, B., Vorhold, V., Knops, A., Philippen, B., & Gauggel, S. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21001 · Cited by 42
“…mental and neurological disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disor- der, trichotillomania, and Parkinson’s disease [Aron et al., 2003a; Chamberlain et al., 2006; Gauggel et al., 2004; Konrad et al., 2000a,b; Rieger et al., 2003; Van den Wildenberg, 2006]).”
BackgroundGut, J., Heckmann, C., Meyer, C. S., Schmid, M., & Grob, A. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.12.002 · Cited by 46
Prefrontal cortex: Typical and atypical development
Dennis, M. (2006) · The Frontal Lobes · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511545917.007 · Cited by 41
Looking before you leap: A theory of motivated control of action
Liddle, E. B., Scerif, G., Hollis, C. P., Batty, M. J., Groom, M. J., Mario Liotti, A., & Liddle, P. F. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.03.006 · Cited by 40
Umemoto, A., Lukie, C. N., Kerns, K. A., Müller, U., & Holroyd, C. B. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0298-3 · Cited by 41
“…that motivationally salient rewards can normalize the impaired cognitive functions associated with ADHD (Dovis et al., 2012; Kohls et al., 2009; Konrad et al., 2000; Rubia et al., 2009; Shiels et al., 2008), and with the proposal that ACC is responsible for motivating task selection and…”
BackgroundPuppets, robots, critics, and actors within a taxonomy of attention for developmental disorders
Dennis, M., Sinopoli, K. J., Fletcher, J. M., & Schachar, R. J. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080983 · Cited by 36
Theory of mind in children with traumatic brain injury
Snodgrass, C., & Knott, F. J. (2006) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050600832585 · Cited by 33
“Difficulties with behavioural response inhibition in children with TBI have been found in a number of studies [52, 53] and others have shown that reward contingencies were less effective in improving behavioural inhibition than in children with TBI than with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [54], supporting th…”
Reinforcement, Dopamine and Rodent Models in Drug Development for ADHD
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0132-y · Cited by 36
“[33], Luman et al.”
The Effect of Reinforcement Variables on Inhibition in Children with ADHD
Michel, J. A., Kerns, K. A., & Mateer, C. A. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/092970490911270 · Cited by 32
“In one study ( Konrad, Gauggel, Manz, & Scholl, 2000 ), children with ADHD showed a comparable practice effect to children with traumatic brain injury and nonclinical controls.”
ResultTohda, C., Nakanishi, R., & Kadowaki, M. (2008) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2008.04.006 · Cited by 32
“The core features of ADHD are inattention, and impairments in motor inhibition, impulsivity [12], motivation-deficit [13–16] learning and memory impairement [17].”
BackgroundDisorders of Attention and Impulse Regulation
Nigg, J. T., Hinshaw, S. P., & Huang‐Pollock, C. L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939406.ch9 · Cited by 31
Inhibitory control after traumatic brain injury in children
Sinopoli, K. J., & Dennis, M. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.08.006 · Cited by 32
“Similarly, Konrad et al. (2000a) reported that children with TBI make an increased number of commission errors, but this effect was found only with a long delay between the onset of the go and no-go stimuli, which suggests delay aversion rather than restraint as the impaired process.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVidarte, J. A., García-Noblejas, M. E., & García, M. A. G. (2009) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.4902.2008619 · Cited by 22
Stephens, J. A., Salorio, C. F., Gomes, J. P., Nebel, M. B., Mostofsky, S. H., & Suskauer, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5081 · Cited by 21
“To determine if response inhibition can be augmented with reward, one study used a motivational SST in a population of children with moderate to severe TBI.(6) They found that motivation improved performance in children with chronic TBI (> 6 months post-injury), but that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity d…”
Obesity in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury
Patradoon‐Ho, P. S., Scheinberg, A. M., & Baur, L. A. (2005) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/13638490500049578 · Cited by 20
“For example, disinhibition in children and adolescents with ABI is more resistant to behavioural management strategy than disinhibition due to other causes [21].”
BackgroundManaging dysexecutive disorders
Mahone, E. M., & Slomine, B. S. (2001) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511545894.014 · Cited by 20
Wilbertz, G., Delgado, M. R., Tebartz Van Elst, L., Maier, S., Philipsen, A., & Blechert, J. (2017) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1112032 · Cited by 18
“Behaviourally, individuals with ADHD often show performance deficits compared to healthy controls in tasks without reward but tend to increase their performance to a greater extent than healthy controls when reward is provided (Konrad et al. 2000; Marx et al. 2013).”
Emotional memory in ADHD patients with and without comorbid ODD/CD
Krauel, K., Düzel, E., Hinrichs, H., Rellum, T., Santel, S., & Baving, L. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0154-0 · Cited by 19
The 100 most cited papers about pediatric traumatic brain injury: a bibliometric analysis
Karydakis, P., Giakoumettis, D., & Themistocleous, M. S. (2019) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-019-02085-6 · Cited by 17
“Lack of inhibition: A motivational deficit in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and children with traumatic brain injury [50] Konrad et al.”
BackgroundKarch, S., Segmiller, F. M., Hantschk, I., Cerovecki, A., Opgen-Rhein, M., Hock, B., Dargel, S., Leicht, G., Hennig‐Fast, K., Riedel, M. J., et al. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.07.017 · Cited by 15
“Difficulties in response inhibition and decision making in patients with ADHD are highlighted in numerous studies (Konrad et al., 2000; Nigg, 2001; Williams et al., 2000).”
BackgroundAbbott, R., Mickail, T., Richards, T. L., Renninger, K. A., Hidi, S. E., Beers, S. F., & Berninger, V. W. (2017) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.3.1.41 · Cited by 19
The Neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Willcutt, E. G., Brodsky, K. L., Chhabildas, N. A., Shanahan, M. A., Yerys, B. E., Scott, A., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1385/1-59259-891-9:185 · Cited by 13
Incentives improve the clarity of school-age children's referential statements
Varghese, A. L., & Nilsen, E. S. (2013) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.07.001 · Cited by 12
Hahnefeld, A., & Heuschen, U. (2009) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403.18.1.30 · Cited by 11
Palma, S. M. M., Fernandes, D. R. M., Muszkat, M., & Calil, H. M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.10.016 · Cited by 13
“Lastly, there have been studies showing that emotional factors, such as motivation, might improve cognitive control and performance on assessment tests (Kohls et al., 2009a, 2009b; Konrad et al., 2000).”
BackgroundHoushmand, K., Bräunig, P., Gauggel, S., Kliesow, K., Sarkar, R., & Krüger, S. (2010) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00451.x · Cited by 11
Self-citationDrechsler, R., Rizzo, P., & Steinhausen, H. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-31 · Cited by 10
“Motor timing performance and inhibition may improve with reward in children with ADHD [42-45] indicating an association between cognitive and motivational mechanisms.”
BackgroundVloet, T. D., Konrad, K., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Kohls, G. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000127 · Cited by 8
Self-citationPatten, R. V., Keith, C. M., Bertolin, M., & Wright, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1091064 · Cited by 7
Flannery, J. S., Parr, A. C., Lindquist, K. A., & Telzer, E. H. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101594 · Cited by 7
“As incentives have been shown to improve cognitive control deficits among individuals with ADHD (Kohls et al., 2009), it is proposed that some ADHD symptoms may result from deficits in motivation to employ cognitive control (Modesto-Lowe et al., 2013; Konrad et al., 2000).”
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Noordermeer, S. D. S., & Oosterlaan, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197542521.003.0020 · Cited by 7
la Torre, G. G. D., Barroso, J. M., León‐Carrión, J., Navas, J. M. M., & Bozal, R. G. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712466440 · Cited by 6
Examining the Impact of Motivation on Working Memory Training in Youth With ADHD.
Sadeghi, M., McAuley, T., & Sandberg, S. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
Costanzo, F., Fucà, E., Menghini, D., Circelli, A. R., Carlesimo, G. A., da Costa, A. L. C., & Vicari, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115849 · Cited by 4
“Indeed, the presence of specific behaviors in various contexts represents the most successful method of identifying ADHD and, in spite of the documented presence of structural and functional brain peculiarities [68] and an estimated high heritability of 74% [69], these elements are not diagnostically specific.”
BackgroundYeates, K. O., Max, J. E., & Narad, M. E. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2038 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Konrad, K., Gauggel, S., Manz, A., & Schöll, M.
- Affiliations
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 286-296
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2018757898
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- response inhibition, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, traumatic brain injury, motivational factors, reward contingency, stop-signal task, inhibitory deficits, children, learning effects
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain Injuries, Child, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Motivation, Reaction Time, Reward
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