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Cited by 288Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersNutrition and Health in Aging

Regulation of Muscle Protein by Amino Acids

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Wolfe, Robert R.·2002·The Journal of Nutrition
DOI 10.1093/jn/131.10.3219s
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Abstract

Amino acid availability is a potent regulator of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). We have performed a series of studies using stable isotope methodology and the arteriovenous balance approach to quantify many aspects of the response of MPS, breakdown, and the balance between synthesis and breakdown to changes in the availability of amino acids. A constant intake of amino acids stimulates MPS in a dose-dependent manner until concentrations are approximately doubled, after which further increases in concentration are ineffective. MPS rises more rapidly after bolus ingestion to a peak rate of MPS higher than during constant intake, but the response is transient. A reduction in amino acid availability below basal levels inhibits MPS. Ingestion of nonessential amino acids is not needed to stimulate MPS. When carbohydrate alone is ingested there is minimal effect on MPS, but there is an interactive effect with amino acid ingestion, meaning the response to amino acids plus glucose is more than the sum of their individual effects. Finally, acute anabolic responses in net MPS correspond quantitatively to differences in 24-h net muscle balances.

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  • Collectively, data indicates that ingesting 6-12 g of the essential amino acids (EAA) in the absence of feeding and prior to and/or following resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis, with this response being largely independent of the protein source or food type.

    “Collectively, this data indicates that ingesting 6–12 g of the essential amino acids (EAA) in the absence of feeding [200] and prior to [201, 202] and/or following resistance exercise stimulates protein synthesis [202–208], with this response being largely independent of the protein source or food type [209].”

    From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [202]

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  • Ingestion of 6-12 g of a complete essential amino acid mixture is needed to maximize muscle protein synthesis.

    “and that ingestion of 6–12 g of a complete essential amino acid mixture are needed to maximize muscle protein synthesis [201–208, 555].”

    From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [202]

    The ‘Resistance exercise and amino acid intake’ section reports that two 6-g doses of essential amino acids stimulated net muscle protein synthesis. It does not establish that 6–12 g is needed to maximize synthesis; ‘Relation of findings to protein requirements’ says the response depends on several factors and cautions against a unique numerical requirement. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Rogers, Q. R. (1976) In: Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (Cole, D. J., Boorman, K. N., Bittery, P. J., Lewis, D., Neale, R. J. & Swan, H, eds.), pp. 279 -301.
  2. Jamaa, K., Kimball, S. R. & Jefferson, L. S. (1993) Aminoacylation of initiator methionyl-tRNAi under conditions of inhibitory initiation of protein syn- thesis. Am. J. Physiol. 264: E257-E263.

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Authors
Wolfe, R. R.
Affiliations
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
Corresponding author
Wolfe, Robert R.
ORCID
Wolfe, Robert R.
Venue
The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-10
Volume
132
Issue
10
Pages
3219S-3224S
ISSN
0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1093/jn/131.10.3219s
OpenAlex
W2135532864
Cited by
288
References
27
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI
3.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute on Aging (AG-15780, R01AG015780)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Keywords
muscle protein synthesis, amino acid availability, muscle protein degradation, non-essential amino acids, carbohydrate intake, anabolic response
MeSH terms
Amino Acids, Animals, Humans, Kinetics, Leg, Muscle Proteins, Nutritive Value, Radioisotope Dilution Technique, Muscle, Skeletal

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