The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 43 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop
Open accessAbstract
Addiction involves powerful motivation to engage in an activity repeatedly to an extent that is harmful often accompanied by impaired capacity for self-control. To effectively combat addiction to cigarettes requires an understanding that there are several mechanisms underlying it. The PRIME Theory of motivation aims to provide a model that can encapsulate these mechanisms. It recognises that evolution has led to multiple levels of motivation from basic impulses and inhibitions, through 'motives' (feelings of want and need), to 'evaluations' (beliefs about what is good or bad), and plans (intentions regarding future actions). Self-control involves self-consciously generating motives from evaluations or plans; it requires and depletes mental energy. Nicotine from cigarettes generates the motivation to smoke and undermines self-control by interacting with all of the level of motivation. It: creates stimulus-impulse associations resulting in cue-driven urges; impairs inhibitory control; gives enjoyment resulting in 'wanting' to smoke; it leads to 'nicotine hunger', withdrawal symptoms and beliefs about benefits of smoking (e.g. stress relief) all of which can result in a 'need' to smoke. Evidence is emerging that wanting to smoke (because of enjoyment) is a major deterrent to making quit attempts but does not influence success, while cue-driven impulses to smoke, nicotine hunger and adverse mood and beliefs about the benefits of smoking are important in relapse. Combating cigarette addiction requires attention to all of these factors.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
West argues that cigarette addiction arises from multiple motivational mechanisms in PRIME Theory—impulses and inhibitions, motives, evaluations, plans, and self-control—and that cessation requires addressing all of them. It distinguishes wanting to smoke for enjoyment, which deters quit attempts, from cue-driven urges, nicotine hunger, withdrawal, and beliefs about smoking benefits, which drive relapse.
Key findings
- PRIME Theory proposes multiple levels of motivation: responses, impulses and inhibitions, motives, evaluations, and plans; higher levels must operate through lower ones, and self-control requires and depletes mental energy.
- Nicotine acts at all levels: it creates stimulus-impulse associations and cue-driven urges, impairs inhibitory control during withdrawal, produces enjoyment and “wanting” to smoke, and causes “nicotine hunger,” withdrawal symptoms, and beliefs about benefits such as stress relief that can generate a “need” to smoke.
- Evidence is emerging that wanting to smoke because of enjoyment is a major deterrent to making quit attempts but does not influence success, while cue-driven impulses, nicotine hunger, adverse mood, and beliefs about the benefits of smoking are important in relapse.
- In approximately half of cases where smokers form a rule to stop, there is no pre-planning; using nicotine patches for 2 weeks prior to the quit date appears to improve long-term abstinence rates.
Methods
- Conceptual/theoretical paper presenting the PRIME Theory of motivation and applying it to cigarette addiction and smoking cessation; no primary empirical study is reported.
- Draws on cited literature and clinical experience to propose principles for clinical interventions, including a 4-state model of smoking cessation and the SNAP model.
- No sample, data collection, or statistical analysis is reported.
Limitations
- The paper states no limitations. Evident: it is a narrative theoretical synthesis, not a systematic review or empirical test, and some cited evidence is described as emerging or anecdotal.
- Evident: the author reports receiving funds for research and consultancy from companies that develop and manufacture smoking cessation medications, a potential conflict of interest.
- Evident: “mental energy” is acknowledged as lacking a known physiological basis and can currently be defined only in terms of subjective experience and behavioral correlates.
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Claims the paper makes
35 Not checked yet · 23 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
In the paper
“However, it is clear that much behaviour is driven by habit or instinct in which one just responds without thinking about the consequences (3)”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Mook D G, 1996
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is also emerging evidence that during nicotine withdrawal smokers have impaired functioning of the low-level brain mechanisms that underlie inhibition (13).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Impulses and inhibitions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, it is apparent that we sometimes do things because we planned to do them or have rules about them and do not have to weigh up the costs and benefits each time (3).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Mook D G, 1996
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dopamine release in the core appears to act to generate stimulus-impulse associations (10,11).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Impulses and inhibitions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus nicotine taps directly into one of the most basic levels of human motivation generating the impulse to smoke in the presence of smoking cues (12).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Impulses and inhibitions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Ferguson S G, 2008, J Subst Abuse Treat
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It proposes that evolution has led to a multi-level motivational system in which new, higher levels of flexibility have been added on to older ones but have to work through the latter to influence behaviour.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] West R, 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Our capacity and skills at achieving self-regulation based on rules we impose on ourselves is a major factor in achieving life goals (4).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Baumeister R F, 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and often our actions are driven by feelings of desire rather than judgements about what would be the best option (3).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Mook D G, 1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus smokers can feel urges to smoke in the presence of smoking cues that seem to arise without any obvious reason or anticipation of pleasure from smoking.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Impulses and inhibitions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in many parts of the brain but of particular interest is the ventral tegmental area (7,8).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Impulses and inhibitions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There is evidence emerging that wanting to smoke (enjoyment of smoking) deters quit attempts while needing to smoke (anticipated relief from nicotine hunger) and cue driven impulses to smoke (experienced as 'urges') lead to relapse after the quit attempt has been started (18,24).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > The process of smoking cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
- Partly supportedcites [24] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page not supplied) report that smoking for enjoyment was associated with fewer quit attempts, while smoking for stress management was associated with reduced quit success among those who tried. The paper does not establish that anticipated relief from nicotine hunger or cue-driven urges lead to relapse; those are more specific mechanisms than the functional beliefs it assessed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mental energy seems to be depleted by the exercise of self-control (and by depressed mood) (4).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Baumeister R F, 1994
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In terms of PRIME Theory, this involves a sense of self or identity that creates 'rules' (types of plan) which can generate motives (wants and needs) from evaluations (beliefs about what is good or bad).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Baumeister R F, 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“An important feature of the exercise of self-control is that it requires and uses up 'mental energy'foot_0 ; i.e., it requires effort.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Baumeister R F, 1994
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we can think of human behaviour as resulting at every moment from the interplay of multiple influences on the different levels of motivation involving impulses and inhibitions driven by habits and instinctive mechanisms and by wants and needs.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > UNDERSTANDING HUMAN MOTIVATION: PRIME THEORY
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is now widely acknowledged that cigarette smoking is addictive and that the main reason for this is that it delivers nicotine to the brain in a convenient, flexible way that allows smokers to control the dose they receive (1).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] RCP, 2000
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Each puff on a cigarette results in rapid absorption of nicotine in the lungs and a rapid increase in nicotine concentration in the brain (6).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Impulses and inhibitions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The motivation may arise from a number of sources at different levels of the motivational system.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Sources of addiction to cigarettes?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to this, chronic changes in the CNS lead to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (irritability, depressed mood, anxiety, restlessness, difficulty concentrating and increased appetite) that make the experience of not smoking aversive and generate the need to smoke (19,20).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Motives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stopping smoking almost always requires the exercise of self-control.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Self-control
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Smokers also experience a reduced capacity to gain enjoyment from and be rewarded by other stimuli, which probably results from a rebound of the effect of nicotine in acting as a pleasure amplifier, as described earlier (22).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Motives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Transitions can occur suddenly between any state and any other state, depending on the momentary balance of wants and needs.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > The process of smoking cessation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, if the rule is that smoking is not permitted at all, the boundaries are more clearly defined and the inhibition of smoking will be more powerful and consistent.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > The process of smoking cessation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there may be a number of reasons for this, one obvious one is that it often requires a long period of recuperation during which reserves of mental energy is restored.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Self-control
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overcoming addiction to cigarettes involves a) making a serious quit attempt and then b) maintaining abstinence in the face of motivation to smoke coming from multiple sources.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > The process of smoking cessation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This makes the act of smoking enjoyable, hence makes smokers want to smoke.”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > Motives
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to PRIME Theory, therefore, the process of smoking cessation can be encapsulated in a simple 4-state model in terms of the rule that is in operation (Figure 2): 1. Smoking (no rule), 2.Not smoking (I do not smoke), 3. Attempting to stop (I am trying not to smoke), and 4. Planning to stop (I have made a definite plan to stop in the near future)”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > The process of smoking cessation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Late relapse may involve continuing impulses and needs in a minority of heavily addicted smokers, but it also appears that beliefs that smoking helps relieve stress can provoke relapse, presumably in response to stressful events (24).”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > The process of smoking cessation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bearing in mind the multiple levels at which human motivation can operate, we can think of addiction to cigarettes as involving multiple sources of motivation to smoke: 1. wanting to smoke for the enjoyment acting to deter quit attempts; 2. cue-driven impulses to smoke, needing to smoking because of 'nicotine hunger' and adverse withdrawal symptoms, reducedself-regulatory capacity, and functional”
§ The Multiple Facets of Cigarette Addiction and What They Mean for Encouraging and Helping Smokers to Stop > CONCLUSIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The brain recovers its normal functioning during abstinence, leading to decline in cue-driven impulses, nicotine hunger and withdrawal symptoms.
“presumably as the brain recovers its normal functioning.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The Smoking, Not smoking, Attempting to quit, Planning to quit model (SNAP) 17 suggests that smoking cessation involves moving through the four stages of (1) smoking, (2) attempting to quit, (3) planning to quit and (4) not smoking.”
From Service‐user experiences of an integrated psychological intervention for depression or anxiety and tobacco smoking in improving access to psychological therapies services: A qualitative investigation into mechanisms of change in quitting smoking. (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This suggests that the intervention helped her shift from attempting to quit to planning to quit, a shift consistent with the SNAP model of smoking cessation 17”
In the citing paper
“In fact, certain highly addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly ‘wanted’ despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria (Benowitz, 1996; Isomura, Suzuki, & Murai, 2014; West, 2009), and drug self-administration can be maintained in the absence of any subjective pleasure (Fischman & Foltin, 1992).”
Citations
Cites
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Howes, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hong, B., & Lindson, N. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000031.pub5 · Cited by 1,352
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“In addition to this, chronic changes in the CNS lead to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms (irritability, depressed mood, anxiety, restlessness, difficulty concentrating and increased appetite) that make the experience of not smoking aversive and generate the need to smoke (19, 20).”
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A Mobile App to Aid Smoking Cessation: Preliminary Evaluation of SmokeFree28
Ubhi, H. K., Michie, S., Kotz, D., Wong, W. C., & West, R. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3479 · Cited by 149
Self-citationPredictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Riaz, M., Lewis, S., Naughton, F., & Ussher, M. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14135 · Cited by 166
Identifying Evidence-Based Competences Required to Deliver Behavioural Support for Smoking Cessation
Michie, S., Churchill, S., & West, R. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9235-z · Cited by 126
Self-citationBuczkowski, K., Marcinowicz, L., Czachowski, S., & Piszczek, E. (2014) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s67767 · Cited by 123
Smit, E. S., de Vries, H., & Hoving, C. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1812 · Cited by 97
Gannon, A. M., Stämpfli, M. R., & Foster, W. G. (2013) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.112.106617 · Cited by 98
Vangeli, E., & West, R. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02031.x · Cited by 95
Self-citationThe role of action planning and plan enactment for smoking cessation
de Vries, H., Eggers, S. M., & Bolman, C. A. W. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-393 · Cited by 93
USSHER, M. H., Kakar, G., Hájek, P., & West, R. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.020 · Cited by 93
Self-citationKock, L. S., Brown, J., Hiscock, R., Tattan‐Birch, H., Smith, C. A., & Shahab, L. (2019) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30220-8 · Cited by 94
Tombor, I., Shahab, L., Brown, J., & West, R. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.001 · Cited by 91
Self-citationThe role of desire, duty and intention in predicting attempts to quit smoking
Smit, E. S., Fidler, J. A., & West, R. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03317.x · Cited by 92
Self-citationFidler, J. A., & West, R. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.009 · Cited by 84
Self-citationSpecifying Evidence-Based Behavior Change Techniques to Aid Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy
Lorencatto, F., West, R., & Michie, S. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr324 · Cited by 85
Self-citationUnderstanding action control of parental support behavior for child physical activity.
Rhodes, R. E., Spence, J. C., Berry, T. R., Deshpande, S., Faulkner, G., Latimer‐Cheung, A. E., O’Reilly, N., & Tremblay, M. S. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000233 · Cited by 80
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318852 · Cited by 79
Hitchman, S. C., Fong, G. T., Zanna, M. P., Thrasher, J. F., & Laux, F. L. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036483 · Cited by 78
Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3 · Cited by 65
“…addictive drugs such as nicotine are exceedingly Bwanted^ despite producing little to no feelings of pleasure or euphoria (Benowitz, 1996; Isomura, Suzuki, & Murai, 2014; West, 2009), and drug self-administration can be maintained in the absence of any subjective pleasure (Fischman & Foltin, 1992).”
Should cigarette pack sizes be capped?
Blackwell, A. K. M., Lee, I., Scollo, M., Wakefield, M. A., Munafo, M. R., & Marteau, T. M. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14770 · Cited by 67
Michie, S., Brown, J., Geraghty, A. W. A., Miller, S., Yardley, L., Gardner, B., Shahab, L., McEwen, A., Stapleton, J., & West, R. (2012) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-012-0135-6 · Cited by 68
Self-citationWest, R., Evans, A., & Michie, S. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr120 · Cited by 56
Self-citationFerrer, R. A., Klein, W. M. P., Zajac, L. E., Land, S. R., & Ling, B. S. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9371-3 · Cited by 52
Lorencatto, F., West, R., Bruguera, C., Brose, L. S., & Michie, S. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9755-7 · Cited by 51
Self-citationA comparison of the characteristics of iOS and Android users of a smoking cessation app
Ubhi, H. K., Kotz, D., Michie, S., van Schayck, O. C. P., & West, R. (2017) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-016-0455-z · Cited by 49
Self-citationLorencatto, F., West, R., Seymour, N., & Michie, S. (2013) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032106 · Cited by 45
Self-citationShahab, L., Brose, L. S., & West, R. (2013) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-013-0116-4 · Cited by 43
Self-citationDo components of current ‘hardcore smoker’ definitions predict quitting behaviour?
Ip, D. T. W., Cohen, J. E., Bondy, S. J., Chaiton, M., Selby, P. L., Schwartz, R. M., McDonald, P., Garcia, J., & Ferrence, R. G. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03674.x · Cited by 43
Cue-Induced Smoking Urges Deplete Cigarette Smokers’ Self-Control Resources
Hagger, M. S., Leaver, E., Esser, K., Leung, C., Pas, N. T., Keatley, D. A., Chan, D. K. C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9520-8 · Cited by 42
Richardson, S., Langley, T. E., Szatkowski, L. C., Sims, M., Gilmore, A., McNeill, A. D., & Lewis, S. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.030 · Cited by 41
Brown, J., Michie, S., Geraghty, A. W. A., Miller, S., Yardley, L., Gardner, B., Shahab, L., Stapleton, J., & West, R. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.05.016 · Cited by 39
Self-citationSmit, E. S., Hoving, C., Cox, V. C. M., & de Vries, H. (2012) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyr099 · Cited by 35
Dingle, G. A., & Carter, N. A. (2017) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864916682822 · Cited by 34
Taggar, J., Lewis, S., Docherty, G., Bauld, L., McEwen, A., & Coleman, T. J. (2015) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0011-8 · Cited by 35
Husband, C., Higgins, J., & Rhodes, R. E. (2019) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2019.1600407 · Cited by 36
Beard, E., Vangeli, E., Michie, S., & West, R. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr297 · Cited by 34
Self-citationRiaz, M. A., Lewis, S., Coleman, T. J., Aveyard, P. N., West, R., Naughton, F., & USSHER, M. H. (2016) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13395 · Cited by 33
Self-citationHerbeć, A., Beard, E., Brown, J., Gardner, B., Tombor, I., & West, R. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1070 · Cited by 32
Self-citationWeaver, F. M., Smith, B., LaVela, S. L., Evans, C. T., Ullrich, P. M., Miskevics, S. A., Goldstein, B., Strayer, J. R., & Burns, S. P. (2011) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1179/107902610x12911165975061 · Cited by 27
The effects of varenicline on stress-induced and cue-induced craving for cigarettes
Ray, L. A., Lunny, K., Bujarski, S., Moallem, N., Krull, J. L., & Miotto, K. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.015 · Cited by 27
Jackson, S. E., Brown, J., & Jarvis, M. J. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15403 · Cited by 22
Cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms during temporary abstinence and the effect of nicotine gum
Brown, J., Hajek, P., McRobbie, H., Locker, J., Gillison, F., McEwen, A., Beard, E., & West, R. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3100-2 · Cited by 28
Self-citationPerski, O., Herd, N. L., West, R., & Brown, J. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.030 · Cited by 28
Self-citationLewis, A. L., Jolly, K. B., Adab, P., Daley, A., Farley, A., Jebb, S. A., Lycett, D., Clarke, S., Christian-Brown, A., Jin, J., et al. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-393 · Cited by 25
Filippou, J., Cheong, C., & Cheong, C. (2016) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2016.05.002 · Cited by 28
Caponnetto, P., Polosa, R., Robson, D., & Bauld, L. (2020) · Health Psychology Research · doi:10.4081/hpr.2020.9042 · Cited by 24
Associations between self-control and dimensions of nicotine dependence: A preliminary report
Wilson, S. J., & MacLean, R. R. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.004 · Cited by 22
Characterizing tobacco control mass media campaigns in E ngland
Langley, T. E., Lewis, S., McNeill, A. D., Gilmore, A., Szatkowski, L. C., West, R., & Sims, M. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12293 · Cited by 21
Self-citationDeveloping General Models and Theories of Addiction
West, R., Christmas, S., Hastings, J., & Michie, S. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315689197-14 · Cited by 20
Self-citationEx‐smokers are happier than current smokers among C hinese adults in H ong K ong
Wang, M. P., Wang, X., Lam, T. H., Viswanath, K., & Chan, S. S. C. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12531 · Cited by 18
Shahab, L., McEwen, A., & West, R. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2204-9 · Cited by 17
Self-citationSmoking intentions and mood preceding lapse after completion of treatment to aid smoking cessation
Vangeli, E., Stapleton, J., & West, R. (2010) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2010.01.024 · Cited by 18
Self-citationReyes, F. S. L. G. D., Mamaril, A. C. C., Matias, T. J. P., Tronco, M. K. V., Samson, G. R., Javier, N. D., Fadriquela, A., Antonio, J. M., & Sajo, M. E. J. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9111876 · Cited by 20
Fredman Stein, K., Sawyer, K., Daryan, S., Allen, J., & Taylor, G. (2023) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13684 · Cited by 11
Antismoking Ads at the Point of Sale: The Influence of Ad Type and Context on Ad Reactions
Kim, A. E., Nonnemaker, J. M., Guillory, J. E., Shafer, P. R., Parvanta, S., Holloway, J. W., & Farrelly, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2017.1311970 · Cited by 15
Mooren, K., van der Linden, G., Pool, K., & Engels, Y. (2019) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s216274 · Cited by 15
The PRIME approach to giving up smoking
McEwen, A., & West, R. (2010) · Practice Nursing · doi:10.12968/pnur.2010.21.3.46936 · Cited by 14
Self-citationVariation in saliva cotinine as a function of self-reported attempts to reduce cigarette consumption
Fidler, J. A., Stapleton, J. A., & West, R. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2317-1 · Cited by 14
Self-citationBuckell, J., Hensher, D. A., & Hess, S. (2020) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4173 · Cited by 14
West, R., & Cox, S. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15754 · Cited by 17
Self-citationRichardson, S., McNeill, A. D., Langley, T. E., Sims, M., Gilmore, A., Szatkowski, L. C., Heath, R., Fong, G. T., & Lewis, S. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-432 · Cited by 14
Exenatide once weekly for smoking cessation
Yammine, L., Kosten, T. R., Cinciripini, P. M., Green, C. E., Meininger, J. C., Minnix, J. A., & Newton, T. F. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000009567 · Cited by 14
Yoder, J. R., & Caserta, D. A. (2016) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x16651903 · Cited by 13
Psychological Features of Smokers
Gülşen, A., & Uygur, B. (2018) · Respiratory Care · doi:10.4187/respcare.06287 · Cited by 13
Gould, G. S., Watt, K., McEwen, A., Cadet‐James, Y., & CLOUGH, A. R. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004887 · Cited by 13
Goeders, N. E., Cohen, A., Fox, B. S., Azar, M. R., George, O., & Koob, G. F. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2682-4 · Cited by 12
Filippou, J., & Cheong, C. (2015) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 12
A qualitative approach exploring the experiences of smoking and quitting attempts in type 1 diabetes
Ghazaleh, H. A., Mulnier, H. E., & Duaso, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14499 · Cited by 10
West, R., & Brown, J. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118484890.ch9 · Cited by 12
Self-citationA Cross-Sectional Study of Happiness and Smoking Cessation Among Parents
Drehmer, J. E., Walters, B. H., Ossip, D. J., Nabi-Burza, E., & Winickoff, J. P. (2015) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2015.6 · Cited by 9
Self-control and smoking in a sample of adults living with HIV/AIDS: A cross-sectional survey
Weinberger, A. H., Pang, R. D., Seng, E. K., Levin, J. R., Esan, H., Segal, K. S., & Shuter, J. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106807 · Cited by 9
Montes, K. S. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09885-6 · Cited by 8
Wee, L. H., Shahab, L., Bulgiba, A. M., & West, R. (2011) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1375/jsc.6.1.37 · Cited by 8
Self-citationWant, need and habit as drivers of smoking behaviour: A preliminary analysis
Wehbe, L., Ubhi, H. K., & West, R. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.07.004 · Cited by 8
Self-citationWeinberger, A. H., Pang, R. D., Ferrer, M., Kashan, R. S., Estey, D. R., Segal, K. S., & Esan, H. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000672 · Cited by 8
Smith, A. L. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102942 · Cited by 7
Psychologische Suchttheorien als Erklärungsansätze
Soyka, M., & Küfner, H. (2017) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1627034 · Cited by 8
Brown, E., Smith, D. M., & Armitage, C. J. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay056 · Cited by 7
Characterization and prediction of gambling behavior in adolescents using the COM-B model
Guijarro, Á. B., Irles, D. L., Segura, J., & Moriano, J. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277520 · Cited by 8
Veilleux, J. C. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.012 · Cited by 6
Imamuzzaman, M., Muhammad, F., Haque, M. I., Ahmed, K., Mukta, K. F., Reuben, R. C., Chowdhury, A. B. M. A., & Basher, S. (2022) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/18749445-v15-e221115-2022-83 · Cited by 5
Cigarette pack size and consumption: a randomized cross‐over trial
Lee, I., Blackwell, A. K. M., Hobson, A., Wiggers, D., Hammond, D. G., De‐loyde, K., Pilling, M. A., Hollands, G. J., Munafo, M. R., & Marteau, T. M. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16062 · Cited by 5
Baby Be Smoke Free: Teenage smoking cessation pilot
Hill, S., Young, D. R., Briley, A. L., Carter, J., & Lang, R. (2013) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2013.21.7.485 · Cited by 5
Brinker, T. J., Buslaff, F., Suhre, J. L., Silchmüller, M. P., Divizieva, E., Wilhelm, J., Hillebrand, G., Penka, D., Gaim, B., Swoboda, S., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/13508 · Cited by 5
Rawahi, S. H. A., Asimakopoulou, K. G., Masood, M., Bulushi, N. M. A., Yaqoobi, K. H. A., & Newton, T. (2020) · Oman Medical Journal · doi:10.5001/omj.2020.32 · Cited by 6
Sandy, P. T., & Mgutshini, T. (2012) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000127 · Cited by 4
When should we measure self-efficacy as an aid to smoking cessation?
de Granda‐Orive, J. I., Pascual-Lledó, J. F., Solano-Reina, S., Asensio-Sánchez, S., García-Rueda, M., Martínez-Muñiz, M. Á., Lázaro-Asegurado, L., Lühning, S., Bujulbasich, D., Pendino, R., et al. (2019) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/j.arbr.2019.04.010 · Cited by 4
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Filippou, J., & Cheong, C. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 4
Performance of Smokers with DSM-5 Tobacco Use Disorder in Time-Based Complex Prospective Memory
Behrendt, S., Kliegel, M., Kräplin, A., & Bühringer, G. (2015) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2015.1054008 · Cited by 3
The development of a framework for effective interdisciplinary behaviour change project management
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Metadata
- Authors
- West, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- West, Robert
- ORCID
- West, Robert
- Venue
- COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 277-283
- ISSN
- 1541-2555 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-2563
- OpenAlex
- W2158717404
- Semantic Scholar
- 57d722905c974bbd721dcc37dbfa8ef436a045b8
- Cited by
- 145
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- tobacco dependence, smoking cessation, nicotine, self-control, inhibitory control, nicotine withdrawal, relapse
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Humans, Motivation, Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation, Behavior, Addictive
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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