Development of a taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in individual behavioural support for smoking cessation
Abstract
Objective Individual behavioural support for smoking cessation is effective but little is known about the 'active ingredients'. As a first step to establishing this, it is essential to have a consistent terminology for specifying intervention content. This study aimed to develop for the first time a reliable taxonomy of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used within individual behavioural support for smoking cessation.Method Two source documents describing recommended practice were identified and analysed by two coders into component BCTs. The resulting taxonomy of BCTs was applied to 43 treatment manuals obtained from the English Stop Smoking Services (SSSs). In the first 28 of these, pairs of coders applied the taxonomy independently and inter-coder reliability was assessed. The BCTs were also categorised by two coders according to their main function and inter-coder reliability for this was assessed.Results Forty-three BCTs were identified which could be classified into four functions: 1) directly addressing motivation e.g. providing rewards contingent on abstinence, 2) maximising self-regulatory capacity or skills e.g. facilitating barrier identification and problem solving, 3) promoting adjuvant activities e.g. advising on stop-smoking medication, and 4) supporting other BCTs e.g. building general rapport. Percentage agreement in identifying BCTs and of categorising BCTs into their functions ranged from 86% to 95% and discrepancies were readily resolved through discussion.Conclusion It is possible to develop a reliable taxonomy of BCTs used in behavioural support for smoking cessation which can provide a starting point for investigating the association between intervention content and outcome and can form a basis for determining competences required to undertake the role of stop smoking specialist.
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An examination of BCTs used in self-management approaches to increasing physical activity and healthy eating, and in behavioural support for smoking cessation, shows that these BCTs serve five of the intervention functions: education, persuasion, incentivisation, training, and enablement.
“An examination of BCTs used in self-management approaches to increasing physical activity and healthy eating [46], and in behavioural support for smoking cessation [47,48], shows that these BCTs serve five of the intervention functions: education, persuasion, incentivisation, training, and enablement.”
From The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions (2011) · cites this paper as [48]
Previous BCT groupings have been based on judgements made by the study author.
“Previous BCTs groupings have been based on judgements made by the study author.20,27,32,33”
Effective BCTs have been identified for interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating, and to support smoking cessation, reduce excessive alcohol consumption, prevent sexually transmitted infections and change professional behaviour.
“Effective BCTs have been identified for interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating, 23,48 and to support smoking cessation, 27,46 reduce excessive alcohol consumption, 29 prevent sexually transmitted infections 19,30 and change professional behaviour.49”
Since Abraham and Michie's initial paper, intercoder reliability has been demonstrated for various subsequent BCT taxonomies.
“Since Abraham and Michie's 20 initial paper, intercoder reliability has been demonstrated for various subsequent BCT taxonomies.20,23,27,28,30,48”
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Michie, S., Brown, J., Geraghty, A. W. A., Miller, S., Yardley, L., Gardner, B., Shahab, L., McEwen, A., Stapleton, J., & West, R. (2012) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-012-0135-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
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Self-citationHow well is intervention content described in published reports of smoking cessation interventions?
Lorencatto, F., West, R., Stavri, Z., & Michie, S. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts266 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical activity for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial
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Smoking-Cessation Interventions in People Living With HIV Infection: A Systematic Review
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A method for assessing fidelity of delivery of telephone behavioral support for smoking cessation
Lorencatto, F., West, R., Bruguera, C., & Michie, S. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035149 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Use of Expired Air Carbon Monoxide Testing in Clinical Tobacco Treatment Settings
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Improving smoking cessation approaches at the individual level
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What works in smoking cessation interventions for cancer survivors? A meta-analysis.
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Beyond “planning”: A meta-analysis of implementation intentions to support smoking cessation.
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Towards a taxonomy of behavior change techniques for promoting shared decision making
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“…their motivation to quit (eg, identify reasons for wanting to stop smoking), self-control ability (goal setting), use of adjuvant cessation aids (advise on stop-smoking medication), and other supportive BCTs that features interaction (elicit and answer questions about smoking cessation) [21].”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Michie, S., Hyder, N., Walia, A., & West, R.
- Affiliations
- National Health Service (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Michie, Susan
- Venue
- Addictive Behaviors
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 315-319
- ISSN
- 0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2026773176
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 12.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007489/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- behaviour change techniques, smoking cessation, taxonomy development, intercoder reliability, treatment manual, smoking cessation services, motivation, self-regulation, adjuvant effect, intervention content
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, England, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Smoking Cessation
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