Cited by 344Dietary Effects on HealthCircadian rhythm and melatoninRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

Time-restricted eating for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases

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Manoogian, Emily N C, Chow, Lisa S, Taub, Pam R, Laferrère, Blandine, Panda, Satchidananda·2022·Endocrine Reviews

Abstract

Time-restricted feeding (TRF, animal-based studies) and time-restricted eating (TRE, humans) are an emerging behavioral intervention approach based on the understanding of the role of circadian rhythms in physiology and metabolism. In this approach, all calorie intake is restricted within a consistent interval of less than 12 hours without overtly attempting to reduce calories. This article will summarize the origin of TRF/TRE starting with concept of circadian rhythms and the role of chronic circadian rhythm disruption in increasing the risk for chronic metabolic diseases. Circadian rhythms are usually perceived as the sleep-wake cycle and dependent rhythms arising from the central nervous system. However, the recent discovery of circadian rhythms in peripheral organs and the plasticity of these rhythms in response to changes in nutrition availability raised the possibility that adopting a consistent daily short window of feeding can sustain robust circadian rhythm. Preclinical animal studies have demonstrated proof of concept and identified potential mechanisms driving TRF-related benefits. Pilot human intervention studies have reported promising results in reducing the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have indicated that maintaining a consistent long overnight fast, which is similar to TRE, can significantly reduce risks for chronic diseases. Despite these early successes, more clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to implement TRE alone or as adjuvant lifestyle intervention for the prevention and management of chronic metabolic diseases.

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  • Time-restricted feeding limits daily caloric intake to a predetermined eating window, typically less than 12 h.

    “TRF limits daily caloric intake to a predetermined eating window, typically less than 12 h (13).”
  • Alternate-day fasting alternates fasting or calorie-restricted days with ad libitum feeding days, whereas whole-day fasting restricts caloric intake on two nonconsecutive days per week while permitting unrestricted eating on the remaining 5 days.

    “ADF alternates fasting or calorie-restricted days with ad libitum feeding days, whereas WDF restricts caloric intake on two nonconsecutive days per week while permitting unrestricted eating on the remaining 5 days (11, 13, 14).”

    From Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy restriction in MASLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as [13]

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Authors
Manoogian, E. N. C., Chow, L. S., Taub, P. R., Laferrère, B., & Panda, S.
Affiliations
  • Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Panda, Satchidananda
Venue
Endocrine Reviews
Published
2021-09-22
Volume
43
Issue
2
Pages
405-436
ISSN
  • 0163-769X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7189
OpenAlex
W3200449343
Cited by
344
References
161
Citations by year
2026: 87 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 1
FWCI
27.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Endocrine Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (DK115214, AG068550, CA236352, AG065992)
  • U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH1810645)
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security (EMW-2016-FP-00788)
  • Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (76014, DK118278, DK124484, DK098203, DK048404, AG065569)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
time-restricted eating, time-restricted feeding, circadian rhythm, circadian rhythm disruption, metabolic disorders, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, overnight fasting, lifestyle intervention, peripheral circadian rhythms
MeSH terms
Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Fasting, Humans, Metabolic Diseases, Obesity

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