The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Incidence of Parkinson's Disease: Variation by Age, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity
Abstract
The goal of this study was to estimate the incidence of Parkinson's disease by age, gender, and ethnicity. Newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease cases in 1994-1995 were identified among members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, a large health maintenance organization. Each case met modified standardized criteria/Hughes diagnostic criteria as applied by a movement disorder specialist. Incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were calculated using the Kaiser Permanente membership information as the denominator and adjusted for age and/or gender using the direct method of standardization. A total of 588 newly diagnosed (incident) cases of Parkinson's disease were identified, which gave an overall annualized age- and gender-adjusted incidence rate of 13.4 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI): 11.4, 15.5). The incidence rapidly increased over the age of 60 years, with only 4% of the cases being under the age of 50 years. The rate for men (19.0 per 100,000, 95% CI: 16.1, 21.8) was 91% higher than that for women (9.9 per 100,000, 95% CI: 7.6, 12.2). The age- and gender-adjusted rate per 100,000 was highest among Hispanics (16.6, 95% CI: 12.0, 21.3), followed by non-Hispanic Whites (13.6, 95% CI: 11.5, 15.7), Asians (11.3, 95% CI: 7.2, 15.3), and Blacks (10.2, 95% CI: 6.4, 14.0). These data suggest that the incidence of Parkinson's disease varies by race/ethnicity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Mutation in the α-Synuclein Gene Identified in Families with Parkinson's Disease
Polymeropoulos, M. H., Lavedan, C., Leroy, E., Ide, S. E., Dehejia, A., Dutra, A., Pike, B., Root, H., Rubenstein, J., Boyer, R., et al. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5321.2045 · Cited by 8,240
Hughes, A. J., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Daniel, S. E., & Lees, A. J. (1992) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.42.6.1142 · Cited by 1,313
Cited by
Kalia, L. V., & Lang, A. E. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61393-3 · Cited by 6,184
Poewe, W., Seppi, K., Tanner, C. M., Halliday, G. M., Brundin, P., Volkmann, J., Schrag, A.-E., & Lang, A. E. (2017) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.13 · Cited by 5,415
Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
de Lau, L. M., & Breteler, M. M. (2006) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70471-9 · Cited by 4,110
Healy, D. G., Falchi, M., O'Sullivan, S. S., Bonifati, V., Durr, A., Bressman, S., Brice, A., Aasly, J., Zabetian, C. P., Goldwurm, S., et al. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70117-0 · Cited by 1,425
How common are the "common" neurologic disorders?
Hirtz, D., Thurman, D. J., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Mohamed, M., Chaudhuri, A. R., & Zalutsky, R. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3 · Cited by 1,365
Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence
Wirdefeldt, K., Adami, H.-O., Cole, P., Trichopoulos, D., & Mandel, J. (2011) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-011-9581-6 · Cited by 1,199
Control strategies for active lower extremity prosthetics and orthotics: a review
Tucker, M. R., Olivier, J., Pagel, A., Bleuler, H., Bouri, M., Lambercy, O., Millán, J. D. R., Riener, R., Vallery, H., & Gassert, R. (2015) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-12-1 · Cited by 1,047
“stroke [6], spinal cord injury [7], Parkinson’s disease [8], and lower limb amputations [9]) can lik ew se be expected.”
BackgroundThe epidemiology of Parkinson's disease
Ben-Shlomo, Y., Darweesh, S., Llibre-Guerra, J., Marras, C., San Luciano, M., & Tanner, C. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01419-8 · Cited by 967
Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism
Hayes, M. T. (2019) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.001 · Cited by 823
Parkinson’s disease: genetics and pathogenesis
Shulman, J. M., De Jager, P. L., & Feany, M. B. (2011) · Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242 · Cited by 801
Novel Speech Signal Processing Algorithms for High-Accuracy Classification of Parkinson’s Disease
Tsanas, A., Little, M. A., McSharry, P. E., Spielman, J., & Ramig, L. O. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2012.2183367 · Cited by 732
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733
The current and projected economic burden of Parkinson's disease in the United States
Kowal, S. L., Dall, T. M., Chakrabarti, R., Storm, M. V., & Jain, A. (2013) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25292 · Cited by 667
The Incidence of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Hirsch, L., Jette, N., Frolkis, A., Steeves, T., & Pringsheim, T. (2016) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000445751 · Cited by 571
Gender differences in Parkinson's disease: Clinical characteristics and cognition
Miller, I. N., & Cronin‐Golomb, A. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23388 · Cited by 405
Exploring Braak’s hypothesis of Parkinson’s disease
Rietdijk, C. D., Perez-Pardo, P., Garssen, J., van Wezel, R. J. A., & Kraneveld, A. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00037 · Cited by 395
α-Synuclein-specific T cell reactivity is associated with preclinical and early Parkinson’s disease
Lindestam Arlehamn, C. S., Dhanwani, R., Pham, J., Kuan, R., Frazier, A., Rezende Dutra, J., Phillips, E., Mallal, S., Roederer, M., Marder, K. S., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15626-w · Cited by 386
Dementia with Lewy bodies: an update and outlook
Outeiro, T. F., Koss, D. J., Erskine, D., Walker, L., Kurzawa-Akanbi, M., Burn, D., Donaghy, P., Morris, C., Taylor, J.-P., Thomas, A., et al. (2019) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-019-0306-8 · Cited by 381
Incidence of Parkinson disease in North America
Willis, A. W., Roberts, E., Beck, J. C., Fiske, B., Ross, W., Savica, R., Van Den Eeden, S. K., Tanner, C. M., Marras, C., on behalf of the Parkinson’s Foundation P4 Group, et al. (2022) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-022-00410-y · Cited by 341
Epidemiology of early-onset dementia: a review of the literature
Vieira, R. T., Caixeta, L., Machado, S., Silva, A. C., Nardi, A. E., Arias-Carrión, O., & Carta, M. G. (2013) · Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901309010088 · Cited by 325
Raven, E. P., Lu, P. H., Tishler, T. A., Heydari, P., & Bartzokis, G. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-130209 · Cited by 270
The Role of Estrogen in Brain and Cognitive Aging
Russell, J. K., Jones, C. K., & Newhouse, P. A. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00766-9 · Cited by 257
Remmers, C., Hibbard, J., Mosen, D. M., Wagenfield, M., Hoye, R. E., & Jones, C. (2009) · Journal of Ambulatory Care Management · doi:10.1097/jac.0b013e3181ba6e77 · Cited by 242
Gender differences in Parkinson’s disease: A clinical perspective
Georgiev, D., Hamberg, K., Hariz, M., Forsgren, L., & Hariz, G.-M. (2017) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.12796 · Cited by 220
Evaluating changes in the prevalence of the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
Rice, C. E., Rosanoff, M., Dawson, G., Durkin, M. S., Croen, L. A., Singer, A., & Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2012) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1007/bf03391685 · Cited by 210
Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Pinares-Garcia, P., Stratikopoulos, M., Zagato, A., Loke, H., & Lee, J. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8080154 · Cited by 200
Using genome-wide complex trait analysis to quantify ‘missing heritability’ in Parkinson’s disease
Keller, M. F., Saad, M., Bras, J., Bettella, F., Nicolaou, N., Simon-Sanchez, J., Mittag, F., Buchel, F., Sharma, M., Gibbs, J. R., et al. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/dds335 · Cited by 190
Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Asia
Muangpaisan, W., Hori, H., & Brayne, C. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20081034 · Cited by 185
Premotor Parkinson’s disease: Concepts and definitions
Siderowf, A., & Lang, A. E. (2012) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.24954 · Cited by 174
Khalifa, A. R. M., Abdel‐Rahman, E. A., Mahmoud, A. M., Ali, M. H., Noureldin, M., Saber, S. H., Mohsen, M., & Ali, S. S. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13125 · Cited by 154
Hou, X., Fiesel, F. C., Truban, D., Castanedes Casey, M., Lin, W.-L., Soto, A. I., Tacik, P., Rousseau, L. G., Diehl, N. N., Heckman, M. G., et al. (2018) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1461294 · Cited by 147
A Smartphone-Based Tool for Assessing Parkinsonian Hand Tremor
Kostikis, N., Hristu-Varsakelis, D., Arnaoutoglou, M., & Kotsavasiloglou, C. (2015) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2015.2471093 · Cited by 139
Genetic determinants of hair color and parkinson's disease risk
Gao, X., Simon, K. C., Han, J., Schwarzschild, M. A., & Ascherio, A. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21535 · Cited by 116
Theodoros, D. G., Hill, A. J., & Russell, T. G. (2016) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2015_ajslp-15-0005 · Cited by 110
Protection by the NDI1 gene against neurodegeneration in a rotenone rat model of Parkinson's disease
Marella, M., Seo, B. B., Nakamaru-Ogiso, E., Greenamyre, J. T., Matsuno-Yagi, A., & Yagi, T. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001433 · Cited by 116
Abendroth, M., Lutz, B. J., & Young, M. E. (2012) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.10.003 · Cited by 116
Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Parkinson Disease
Mullin, S., & Schapira, A. H. V. (2015) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2014.09.010 · Cited by 108
Jee, H. J., Lee, S. G., Bormate, K. J., & Jung, Y.-S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103080 · Cited by 111
“Patients under 40 years of age are rare, and prevalence increases with age, approaching three percent of the population over the age of 80 [72].”
BackgroundNutritional Risk Factors, Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: What Is the Current Evidence?
Boulos, C., Yaghi, N., El Hayeck, R., Heraoui, G. N., & Fakhoury-Sayegh, N. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081896 · Cited by 109
Leyva-Gómez, G., Cortés, H., Magaña, J. J., Leyva-García, N., Quintanar-Guerrero, D., & Florán, B. (2015) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.009 · Cited by 102
Advocat, J., Enticott, J., Vandenberg, B., Hassed, C., Hester, J., & Russell, G. (2016) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0685-1 · Cited by 94
Review Study of Computer Input Devices and Older Users
Taveira, A. D., & Choi, S. D. (2009) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447310902865040 · Cited by 94
Gobinath, A. R., Choleris, E., & Galea, L. A. M. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23872 · Cited by 87
Is cardiac function impaired in premotor Parkinson's disease? A retrospective cohort study
Palma, J., Carmona‐Abellan, M., Barriobero, N., Trevino-Peinado, C., Garcia‐Lopez, M., Fernandez‐Jarne, E., & Luquin, M. R. (2013) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25431 · Cited by 77
Blin, P., Dureau‐Pournin, C., Foubert‐Samier, A., Grolleau, A., Corbillon, E., Jové, J., Lassalle, R., Robinson, P., Poutignat, N., Droz‐Perroteau, C., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.12592 · Cited by 74
Sex Differences in Clinical Features of Early, Treated Parkinson’s Disease
Augustine, E. F., Pérez, A., Dhall, R., Umeh, C. C., Videnovic, A., Cambi, F., Wills, A.-M. A., Elm, J. J., Zweig, R. M., Shulman, L. M., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133002 · Cited by 71
New hope for Parkinson’s disease treatment: Targeting gut microbiota
Fan, H., Sheng, S., & Zhang, F. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13916 · Cited by 66
Arnold, S., de Araújo, G. W., & Beyer, C. (2008) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme-08-0085 · Cited by 65
Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis
Zeng, J., Wei, M., Li, T., Chen, W., Feng, Y., Shi, R., Song, Y., Zheng, W., & Ma, W. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082091 · Cited by 60
Kawahata, I., Bousset, L., Melki, R., & Fukunaga, K. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20215358 · Cited by 56
Analysis of LRRK2, SNCA, Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1 in Zambian patients with Parkinson's disease
Yonova-Doing, E., Atadzhanov, M., Quadri, M., Kelly, P., Shawa, N., Musonda, S. T. S., Simons, E. J., Breedveld, G. J., Oostra, B. A., & Bonifati, V. (2012) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.018 · Cited by 56
Stigma, self-compassion, and psychological distress among people with Parkinson’s
Eccles, F. J. R., Sowter, N., Spokes, T., Zarotti, N., & Simpson, J. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2037743 · Cited by 54
Measures of anxiety, sensorimotor function, and memory in male and female mGluR4−/− mice
Davis, M. J., Haley, T., Duvoisin, R. M., & Raber, J. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.037 · Cited by 52
Walia, V., Chaudhary, S. K., & Kumar Sethiya, N. (2021) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104939 · Cited by 51
The Effect of Telerehabilitation on Missed Appointment Rates
Covert, L. T., Slevin, J. T., & Hatterman, J. (2018) · International Journal of Telerehabilitation · doi:10.5195/ijt.2018.6258 · Cited by 45
“The age and gender-adjusted rate is highest among Hispanics, followed by non-Hispanic whites, Asians, and Blacks (Van Den Eeden et al., 2003).”
BackgroundKostikis, N., Hristu-Varsakelis, D., Arnaoutoglou, M., & Kotsavasiloglou, C. (2014) · 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6943738 · Cited by 46
Male/female differences in neuroprotection and neuromodulation of brain dopamine
Bourque, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2011.00035 · Cited by 40
Yu, C.-C., Chen, H.-L., Chen, M.-H., Lu, C.-H., Tsai, N.-W., Huang, C.-C., Chang, Y.-Y., Li, S.-H., Chen, Y.-S., Chiang, P.-L., et al. (2020) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2020/2591248 · Cited by 37
Achey, M. A., Beck, C. A., Beran, D. B., Boyd, C. M., Schmidt, P. N., Willis, A. W., Riggare, S. S., Simone, R. B., Biglan, K. M., & Dorsey, E. R. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-465 · Cited by 27
Alpha-synuclein aggresomes inhibit ciliogenesis and multiple functions of the centrosome
Iqbal, A., Baldrighi, M., Murdoch, J. N., Fleming, A., & Wilkinson, C. J. (2020) · Biology Open · doi:10.1242/bio.054338 · Cited by 21
Emerging roles of leptin in Parkinson’s disease: Chronic inflammation, neuroprotection and more?
Regensburger, M., Rasul Chaudhry, S., Yasin, H., Zhao, Y., Stadlbauer, A., Buchfelder, M., & Kinfe, T. (2023) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.09.010 · Cited by 17
Berrío Sánchez, J., Cucarian Hurtado, J., Barcos Nunes, R., & de Oliveira, A. A. (2019) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2018-0011 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Den Eeden, S. K.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-06-01
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- >11
- Pages
- 1015-1022
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112765817
- Cited by
- 1,747
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 13.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
