Medial reward and lateral non-reward orbitofrontal cortex circuits change in opposite directions in depression
Open accessAbstract
The first brain-wide voxel-level resting state functional connectivity neuroimaging analysis of depression is reported, with 421 patients with major depressive disorder and 488 control subjects. Resting state functional connectivity between different voxels reflects correlations of activity between those voxels and is a fundamental tool in helping to understand the brain regions with altered connectivity and function in depression. One major circuit with altered functional connectivity involved the medial orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann area 13, which is implicated in reward, and which had reduced functional connectivity in depression with memory systems in the parahippocampal gyrus and medial temporal lobe, especially involving the perirhinal cortex Brodmann area 36 and entorhinal cortex Brodmann area 28. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores were correlated with weakened functional connectivity of the medial orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann area 13. Thus in depression there is decreased reward-related and memory system functional connectivity, and this is related to the depressed symptoms. The lateral orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann area 47/12, involved in non-reward and punishing events, did not have this reduced functional connectivity with memory systems. Second, the lateral orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann area 47/12 had increased functional connectivity with the precuneus, the angular gyrus, and the temporal visual cortex Brodmann area 21. This enhanced functional connectivity of the non-reward/punishment system (Brodmann area 47/12) with the precuneus (involved in the sense of self and agency), and the angular gyrus (involved in language) is thus related to the explicit affectively negative sense of the self, and of self-esteem, in depression. A comparison of the functional connectivity in 185 depressed patients not receiving medication and 182 patients receiving medication showed that the functional connectivity of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann area 47/12 with these three brain areas was lower in the medicated than the unmedicated patients. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the increased functional connectivity of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann area 47/12 is related to depression. Relating the changes in cortical connectivity to our understanding of the functions of different parts of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotion helps to provide new insight into the brain changes related to depression.
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In a sample of 421 individuals with major depressive disorder and 488 healthy controls, reduced resting state functional connectivity emerged between the central orbitofrontal cortex and memory-related regions, with increasingly weaker connectivity correlating with higher depression severity.
“In a sample of 421 individuals with MDD and 488 healthy controls, reduced rsFC emerged in MDD between the central OFC (BA13) and memory-related regions (e.g., parahippocampal gyrus), with increasingly weaker rsFC correlating with higher depression severity [71].”
From Prefrontal cortex and depression (2022) · cites this paper as [71]
Human prefrontal activity increases more for happy stimuli than for sad stimuli.
“Activity in the human PFC is increased by 'happy' stimuli to a greater extent than it is for 'sad' stimuli and these responses are altered in depressed and anhedonic patients [180-182], consistent with alterations in PFC circuit function.”
From Plasticity of synapses and reward circuit function in the genesis and treatment of depression (2023) · cites this paper as [181]
Prefrontal responses to happy and sad stimuli are altered in depressed and anhedonic patients.
“Activity in the human PFC is increased by 'happy' stimuli to a greater extent than it is for 'sad' stimuli and these responses are altered in depressed and anhedonic patients [180-182], consistent with alterations in PFC circuit function.”
From Plasticity of synapses and reward circuit function in the genesis and treatment of depression (2023) · cites this paper as [181]
These altered prefrontal responses are consistent with altered prefrontal circuit function.
“Activity in the human PFC is increased by 'happy' stimuli to a greater extent than it is for 'sad' stimuli and these responses are altered in depressed and anhedonic patients [180-182], consistent with alterations in PFC circuit function.”
From Plasticity of synapses and reward circuit function in the genesis and treatment of depression (2023) · cites this paper as [181]
In large cohort, significant reduction in functional connectivity of medial OFC, BA 13, in MDD vs controls.
“A recent investigation in a large cohort of 421 MDD patients and 488 controls using a “brain-wide” voxel level analysis found a significant reduction in functional connectivity of the medial OFC, BA 13, which is known to be linked to reward processing (Cheng et al., 2016).”
From Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
The lateral OFC functional connectivity links described were less high if the patients were receiving antidepressant medication.
“The differences in orbitofrontal connectivity with these brain regions were related to the depression by evidence that the symptoms of depression were correlated with these differences of functional connectivity; and that the lateral OFC functional connectivity links described were less high if the patients were receiving antidepressant medication (Cheng et al., 2016).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
The lateral OFC area BA 47/12 had increased functional connectivity with the precuneus, the angular gyrus and the temporal visual cortex BA 21 in depression.
“A second major circuit change was that the lateral OFC area BA 47/12 had increased functional connectivity with the precuneus, the angular gyrus and the temporal visual cortex BA 21 (Cheng et al., 2016) (Fig. 7).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
The lateral OFC BA 47/12 did not have this reduced functional connectivity with memory systems, so that there is an imbalance in depression towards decreased reward-related connectivity with the medial temporal lobe memory system.
“The lateral OFC BA 47/12, involved in non-reward and punishing events, did not have this reduced functional connectivity with memory systems, so that there is an imbalance in depression towards decreased reward-related connectivity with the medial temporal lobe memory system.”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
The symptoms of depression were correlated with the differences in orbitofrontal functional connectivity.
“The differences in orbitofrontal connectivity with these brain regions were related to the depression by evidence that the symptoms of depression were correlated with these differences of functional connectivity; and that the lateral OFC functional connectivity links described were less high if the patients were receiving antidepressant medication (Cheng et al., 2016).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
In a study with 421 patients with major depressive disorder and 488 controls, the medial OFC BA 13 had reduced functional connectivity in depression with memory systems in the parahippocampal gyrus and medial temporal lobe.
“In the first brain-wide voxel-level resting-state functional connectivity neuroimaging analysis of depression (with 421 patients with major depressive disorder and 488 controls), we found that one major circuit with altered functional connectivity involved the medial OFC BA 13, which had reduced functional connectivity in depression with memory systems in the parahippocampal gyrus and medial”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
Voxels in the medial OFC had lower functional connectivity with the parahippocampal gyrus/medial temporal lobe memory system in depression.
“We found that voxels in the medial OFC had lower functional connectivity with the parahippocampal gyrus/medial temporal lobe memory system (Cheng et al., 2016) (Fig. 7), and interpreted this as resulting in fewer happy memories being recalled, as the medial OFC has activations that correlate with subjective pleasantness, as described above, and the parahippocampal gyrus is a pathway in the”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
This may relate to representations of the sense of self, which become more negative in depression.
“this may relate to representations of the sense of self (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006), which become more negative in depression (Cheng et al., 2016; Rolls, 2016a).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
Treatment with antidepressant drugs decreases the activity and functional connectivity of the non-reward lateral orbitofrontal cortex system.
“Treatment with antidepressant drugs decreases the activity (Ma, 2015) and functional connectivity (Cheng et al., 2016, 2018b,c; Rolls et al., 2019, 2020a) of the non-reward lateral OFC system.”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
It is part of the long-loop interactions between attractor networks that are proposed to contribute to increased rumination in depression.
“it is part of the long-loop interactions between attractor networks that are proposed to contribute to increased rumination in depression (Cheng et al., 2016; Rolls, 2016a, 2021a).”
From The orbitofrontal cortex: reward, emotion and depression (2020) · cites this paper as Cheng et al., 2016
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Self-citationHervig, M. E., Fiddian, L., Piilgaard, L., Božič, T., Blanco-Pozo, M., Knudsen, C., Olesen, S. F., Alsiö, J., & Robbins, T. W. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz144 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Rolls, E. T. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.013 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Reward Processing in Novelty Seekers: A Transdiagnostic Psychiatric Imaging Biomarker
Qi, S., Schumann, G., Bustillo, J., Turner, J. A., Jiang, R., Zhi, D., Fu, Z., Mayer, A. R., Vergara, V. M., Silva, R. F., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.011 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
To be specific: The role of orbitofrontal cortex in signaling reward identity.
Howard, J. D., & Kahnt, T. (2021) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000455 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Zhu, D.-M., Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Zhang, B., Zhao, W., Zhu, J., & Yu, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00050 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Deng, W., Rolls, E. T., Ji, X., Robbins, T. W., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L. W., Bromberg, U., Buechel, C., Desrivières, S., Conrod, P., et al. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23607 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationReconfiguration of Cortical Networks in MDD Uncovered by Multiscale Community Detection with fMRI
He, Y., Lim, S., Fortunato, S., Sporns, O., Zhang, L., Qiu, J., Xie, P., & Zuo, X.-N. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx335 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasticity of synapses and reward circuit function in the genesis and treatment of depression
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A translational perspective on the anti-anhedonic effect of ketamine and its neural underpinnings
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Ketamine Normalizes the Structural Alterations of Inferior Frontal Gyrus in Depression
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Orbitofrontal cortex: a ‘non-rewarding’ new treatment target in depression?
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Intrinsic Connectivity Networks of Glutamate-Mediated Antidepressant Response: A Neuroimaging Review
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- Authors
- Cheng, W., Rolls, E. T., Qiu, J., Liu, W., Tang, Y., Huang, C.-C., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Lin, W., Zheng, L., Pu, J., Tsai, S.-J., Yang, A. C., Lin, C.-P., Wang, F., Xie, P., & Feng, J.
- Affiliations
- Fudan University (CN)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Southwest University (CN)
- First Hospital of China Medical University (CN)
- National Yang Ming University (TW)
- The Affiliated Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Feng, Jianfeng
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-10-14
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3296-3309
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2526989977
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 16.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571311,, 61273014, 71661167002, NSFC 61104143, 31470981, 31271189, 81271499, 81571331, 31271087; 31470981; 31571137; 31500885, 31571137, 31271087; 31470981, 11322111, 31500885, 31271087, 61573107, 91230201, 11101429, 61104143, 11471081)
- National Science Council
- Academia Sinica (31500885, 31470981, 31571137, 31271087, AS-104-TP-B10)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (91230201)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M572423)
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST104-2633-B400-001, MOST104-2221-E010-013)
- National Health Research Institutes
- Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (cstc2015j-cyjA10106)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWU1509383, 31271087, 31500885, 31571137)
- National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, resting-state functional connectivity, orbitofrontal cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, reward processing, memory systems, precuneus, angular gyrus, antidepressants, self-esteem
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Parietal Lobe, Reward, Self Concept, Cohort Studies, Prefrontal Cortex, Connectome
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