Mapping Region-Specific Longitudinal Cortical Surface Expansion from Birth to 2 Years of Age
Open accessAbstract
The human cerebral cortex develops rapidly and dynamically in the first 2 years of life. It has been shown that cortical surface expansion from term infant to adult is highly nonuniform in a cross-sectional study. However, little is known about the longitudinal cortical surface expansion during early postnatal stages. In this article, we generate the first longitudinal surface-based atlases of human cortical structures at 0, 1, and 2 years of age from 73 healthy subjects. On the basis of the surface-based atlases, we study the longitudinal cortical surface expansion in the first 2 years of life and find that cortical surface expansion is age related and region specific. In the first year, cortical surface expands dramatically, with an average expansion of 1.80 times. In particular, regions of superior and medial temporal, superior parietal, medial orbitofrontal, lateral anterior prefrontal, occipital cortices, and postcentral gyrus expand relatively larger than other regions. In the second year, cortical surface still expands substantially, with an average expansion of 1.20 times. In particular, regions of superior and middle frontal, orbitofrontal, inferior temporal, inferior parietal, and superior parietal cortices expand relatively larger than other regions. These region-specific patterns of cortical surface expansion are related to cognitive and functional development at these stages.
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Cortical surface area expands by 76% from birth in the first year and another 22% in the second year; by age two the mean surface area is about 69% of adult values.
“Cortical surface area expands by 76% from birth in year 1 and another 22% in year 2; by age 2 years, the mean surface area is about 69% of adult values4,23.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
The gyrification index increases in the first two years of life in parallel with overall brain growth.
“The gyrification index (the amount of cortex within a sulcal fold), increases in the first 2 years of life in parallel with overall brain growth23.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Li, G., Nie, J., Wang, L., Shi, F., Lin, W., Gilmore, J. H., & Shen, D.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, D.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-08-23
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2724-2733
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC3792744
- OpenAlex
- W2130312871
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (MH070890)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG041721, AG041721)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH088520, RC1MH088520, MH070890)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS055754, R01NS055754)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB006733, EB009634, EB008374, R01EB008374, R01EB009634, R01EB006733)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053000, HD05300)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- human cerebral cortex, infant brain development, postnatal development, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, temporal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Preschool, Female, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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