Functional connectivity MR imaging reveals cortical functional connectivity in the developing brain
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Unlike conventional functional MR imaging where external sensory/cognitive paradigms are needed to specifically activate different regions of the brain, resting functional connectivity MR imaging acquires images in the absence of cognitive demands (a resting condition) and detects brain regions, which are highly temporally correlated. Therefore, resting functional MR imaging is highly suited for the study of brain functional development in pediatric subjects. This study aimed to determine the temporal and spatial patterns of rfc in healthy pediatric subjects between 2 weeks and 2 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rfc studies were performed on 85 children: 38 neonates (2-4 weeks of age), 26 one-year-olds, and 21 two-year-olds. All subjects were imaged while asleep; no sedation was used. Six regions of interest were chosen, including the primary motor, sensory, and visual cortices in each hemisphere. Mean signal intensity of each region of interest was used to perform correlation analysis pixel by pixel throughout the entire brain, identifying regions with high temporal correlation. RESULTS: Functional connectivity was observed in all subjects in the sensorimotor and visual areas. The percent brain volume exhibiting rfc and the strength of rfc continued to increase from 2 weeks to 2 years. The growth trajectories of the percent brain volume of rfc appeared to differ between the sensorimotor and visual areas, whereas the z-score was similar. The percent brain volume of rfc in the sensorimotor area was significantly larger than that in the visual area for subjects 2 weeks of age (P = .008) and 1-year-olds (P = .017) but not for the 2-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that rfc in the sensorimotor precedes that in the visual area from 2 weeks to 1 year but becomes comparable at 2 years. In contrast, the comparable z-score values between the sensorimotor and visual areas for all age groups suggest a disassociation between percent brain volume and the strength of cortical rfc.
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During the first two years, sensory networks mature and strengthen, becoming substantially adult-like by age two.
“These sensory networks undergo subtle refinements and strengthening over the first two years of life, and by age two bear substantial resemblance to their adult counterparts (Gao et al., 2015a; Lin et al., 2008).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Lin et al., 2008
Primary functional networks, including sensorimotor, visual and auditory networks, develop first and show adult-like topologies in premature babies at term age and in full-term newborns.
“Specifically, primary functional networks, including the sensorimotor, visual, and auditory networks, develop first and show adult-like topologies in premature babies at term age86, 89, 92, 93 and in full-term newborns6, 90, 91.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [86]
The prevalence of poor sleep quality in the study is higher than that reported in Cleveland, China, Spain, Thailand, and Ethiopia outside the current site.
“However, the studies in Cleveland [21], china [22], Spain [24], Thailand [9], and Ethiopia (out of the current site) [30] reported lower proportion of sleep quality.”
From Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sleep Quality among Adults in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study (2018) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Lin, W., Zhu, Q., Gao, W., Chen, Y., Toh, C.-H., Styner, M., Gerig, G., Smith, J. K., Biswal, B., & Gilmore, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Neuroradiology
- Published
- 2008-09-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1883-1889
- ISSN
- 0195-6108 (ISSN-L)
- 1936-959X
- PMC
- PMC2583167
- OpenAlex
- W2140364075
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- American Journal of Neuroradiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH070890)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS055754)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- resting-state functional connectivity, cortical functional connectivity, brain development, neonates, infants, sensorimotor cortex, visual cortex, primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortex, brain volume, developmental trajectories
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Brain Mapping, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Somatosensory Cortex, Visual Cortex
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